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HANDBOOK OF 

FORENSIC 

SCIENCE 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION 














Un.'ted States fkdera.1 bureau. ^ -Lnseshja 

'f 

h-jybfrr&J&r Lj' 


HANDBOOK OF 
FORENSIC SCIENCE 
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION 


■he 


Revised May, 1979 


FBI Laboratory 






For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office 
Washington, D.C. 20402 


Stock Number 027-001-00022-0 







OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR 





UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION 
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20535 


Each day the modern crime laboratory attempts to discover 
new techniques of applying recent technological and scientific 
developments to aid the on-the-scene investigator in solving crime. 
The Handbook of Forensic Science seeks to familiarize the 
investigator with these techniques and to make known the capabilities 
and the limitations of the crime laboratory. 


The value of properly collected physical evidence examined 
by trained scientists in the crime laboratory cannot be 
overestimated. It is a vital element in our criminal justice 
system. 


At crime scenes every law enforcement officer shares the 
responsibility of collecting as much pertinent physical evidence as 
possible. The objective of the handbook is to make available to law 
enforcement personnel a guide to legally accepted and practical 
procedures for collecting, preserving and handling physical evidence. 
It contains suggestions and is offered as a training aid for those in 
professional law enforcement. 

It is hoped that this handbook will promote maximum use of 
physical evidence in our criminal justice system and encourage 
greater use of the crime laboratory to help solve today's law 
enforcement challenges. 


Director 

Federal Bureau of Investigation 




















TABLE OF CONTENTS 


PAGE 

PART I Introduction. 1 

Services of the FBI Identification Division. 3 

Services of the FBI Laboratory. 5 

Availability of Services . 6 

PART II Crime Scene Search . 7 

Bombing Crime Scene . 11 

PART III FBI Identification Division.15 

Latent Fingerprint Section . 19 

PART IV FBI Laboratory Division.26 

Serology Examinations . 26 

Microscopic Examinations.33 

Chemical Examinations.37 

Mineralogy Examinations.42 

Firearms Identification.49 

Tbolmark Identification . 57 

Metallurgy Examinations.61 

Instrumental Analysis Examinations . 64 

Explosive Examinations.69 

Document Examinations . 71 

Photographic Examinations . 80 

Shoe Print and Tire Tread Examinations.82 

Gambling Examinations . 86 

Cryptanalysis Examinations.88 

Radiation Hazards.91 

PART V Collection and Preservation of Physical Evidence .... 97 

Requesting Laboratory Assistance . 99 

Shipment of Evidence.101 

Sample FBI Latent Fingerprint Report.103 

Sample FBI Laboratory Report.105 

Handling of Hazardous Materials . 107 

Collection, Shipment, Identification and Packaging Chart . . 108 
Proper Sealing of Evidence . 130 


l 



















































PART I 


INTRODUCTION 


DEFINITIONS OF EVIDENCE 

(1) lhat which is legally submitted to a competent tribunal as a means 
of ascertaining the truth of any alleged matter of fact under 
investigation before it. 

(2) Anything which a suspect leaves at a crime scene or takes from the 
scene or which may be otherwise connected with the crime. 

Terminology 


"Physical," "real," "tangible," "laboratory," and "latent," are all 
adjectives to describe the types of evidence which the FBI Laboratory 
and Identification Divisions examine. 

PURPOSE OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE 

A. Aids in the solution of the case because it can: 


(1) 

Develop M.O.'s or show similar M.O.'s. 


(2) 

Develop or identify suspects. 


(3) 

Prove or disprove an alibi. 


(4) 

Connect or eliminate suspects. 


(5) 

Identify loot or contraband. 


(6) 

Provide leads. 


Proves an element of the offense, for example: 


(1) 

Safe insulation, glass or building materials on suspect's 
clothing may prove entry. 

(2) 

Stomach contents, bullets, residue at scene of fire, semen, 
blood, toolmarks may all prove elements of certain offenses. 

(3) 

Safe insulation on tools may be sufficient 
of possession of burglary tools statutes. 

to prove violation 


1 



C. Proves theory of a case, for example: 

(1) Footprints may show how many were at scene. 

(2) Auto paint on clothing may show that a person was hit by car 
instead of otherwise injured. 

NATURE OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE 

For the most part, physical evidence falls into two classifications: 
Evidence With Individual Identifying Characteristics 


This evidence can be positively identified as having come from a 
specific source or person if sufficient identifying characteristics, or 
sufficient microscopic or accidental markings are present. (Examples 
are: fingerprints, handwriting, bullets, toolmarks, shoe prints, pieces 
of glass where the broken edges can be matched, and wood where 
broken/cut surfaces can be matched.) 

Evidence With Class Characteristics Only 


This evidence, no matter how thoroughly examined, can only be placed 
into a class. A definite identification as to its source can never be 
made since there is the possibility of more than one source for the 
evidence found. (Examples are: soil, blood, hairs, fibers, 
single-layered paint frcm a safe or car, glass fragments too small to 
match broken edges, and toolmarks, shoe prints, or bullets in those 
instances where the microscopic or accidental markings are insufficient 
for positive identification.) 

A. It is desirable to have evidence that can be positively identified, 
but the value of evidence with class characteristics only should not be 
minimized. In cases involving evidence with class characteristics only, 
the following are desirable: 

(1) A preponderance of such evidence. 

(2) A preponderance of class characteristics within a single item 
of evidence such as paint with many layers all matching or 
soil with foreign matter such as paint chips, odd seeds, and 
safe insulation. 

(3) Elimination specimens such as soil from where a suspect claims 
he was or where he claims a car was; soil from the surrounding 
areas to show that a variation does exist; and paint or other 
materials from a source mentioned in an alibi. 


2 




Services of FBI Identification Division: 

A. Largest collection of identification data in the world available to 
law enforcement agencies. 

B. Will furnish standard forms, such as fingerprint cards, for 
submitting identification data. 

C. Search of fingerprints: 

(1) Arrest cards. 

(2) Applicant cards (taken in compliance with local statute). 

(3) Deceased and amnesia victims. 

(4) International exchange of fingerprint data. 

D. Name checks to locate identification records. 

E. Fugitive program: 

(1) Wanted notices placed on fingerprint cards for law enforcement 
agencies. 

(2) Records of fugitives furnished to agencies. 

F. Missing persons program: 

(1) Placed for law enforcement agencies. 

(2) Placed for relative of the person under certain 
circumstances. 

G. Latent print examinations: 

(1) Will examine original evidence, lifts and photographs. 

(2) Comparisons on case made for indefinite period. 

(3) Examinations and comparisons by highly trained experts. 

(4) Expeditious service available. 

(5) Technical assistance in special situations, such as 
kidnapping, hijacking cases and airline disasters. 

(6) Latent print testimony. 


3 


(7) No restriction on prior examination of latent material by 
other fingerprint technicians. 

H. Examination of fingers of deceased persons for possible 
identification. 

I. Reference files in Latent Fingerprint Section: 

(1) General appearance file. 

(2) Single fingerprint file. 

(3) National Unidentified Latent file. 

J. Advanced Latent Fingerprint Schools. 

K. Disaster Squad: 

(1) Long experience in major disasters. 

(2) Speeds identification. 

L. Supplies of literature on identification matters. 


4 


Services of the FBI Laboratory: 

A. Capabilities in a wide range of forensic sciences: 

(1) Document. 

(2) Scientific Analysis. 

(3) Radio-engineering, Electronics. 

B. Examination by highly trained scientists. 

C. Full range of scientific equipment available. 

D. Expeditious service, if needed. 

E. Competent expert testimony. 

F. Technical assistance in special situations, such as kidnapping 
cases, airline disasters, and photographic problems. 


G. Standard reference files and 

(1) 

Typewriter standards. 

(2) 

Automotive paint. 

(3) 

Firearms. 

(4) 

Hairs and fibers. 

(5) 

Blood sera. 

(6) 

Safe insulation. 

(7) 

Shoe print 

(8) 

Tire tread. 

H. Files of questioned material 


(1) National Fraudulent Check File. 

(2) Bank Robbery Note File. 


5 




FBI Identification Division and Laboratory facilities are available: 

A. lb all federal agencies, U.S. attorneys, military tribunals, in 
both civil and criminal matters. 

B. To all duly constituted state, county and municipal law enforcement 
agencies in the U.S. in connection with their official criminal 
investigative matters only . 

C. All Identification Division and Laboratory services, including the 
loan of their experts, if needed as expert witnesses, are rendered free 
of all cost to the contributing agency. 

D. In offering these services, the following considerations are to be 
noted: 

(1) Laboratory Division 

As a general rule, examinations are not made by the FBI 
Laboratory if the evidence is subjected elsewhere to the same 
examination for the Prosecution. However, if the 
circumstances in a given instance are such that this 
restriction poses a significant obstacle to an orderly 
prosecution, these facts should be set forth ip a request for 
waiver. Such requests will be evaluated on a case-by-case 
basis. 

(2) Identification Division 

Because of the nature of the evidence submitted for 
fingerprint examination, the above-mentioned Laboratory 
restriction does not apply. Therefore, the Identification 
Division will examine fingerprint evidence even if it has been 
or will be subjected to examination by other fingerprint 
experts. 

(3) Testimony 

FBI experts will furnish testimony regarding evidence they 
have examined. In the interest of economy, however, their 
testimony should not be requested if it is to be duplicated by 
another Prosecution expert. It is realized that exceptions to 
this general policy may be required, in a given instance. 

E. Detailed information relating to proper methods of handling 
specific types of evidence will be dealt with in the appropriate 
sections of this handbook. 


6 













PART II 


CRIME SCENE SEARCH 

A crime scene search is a planned, coordinated, legal search by 
competent law enforcement officials to locate physical evidence or 
witnesses to the crime under investigation. In order to be effective a 
crime scene search should include the steps outlined in the paragraphs 
below. However, they need not be done in exactly this order since each 
crime scene varies and may require a different approach. (Note: 
Additional information concerning a bombing crime scene search can be 
found later in this chapter.) 

Protect the Crime Scene 


Only persons who have a legitimate investigative interest should be 
allowed into the crime scene. This number should be kept to a minimum. 
Too many people in a crime scene can lead to evidence being moved or 
destroyed before its value as evidence is recognized. 

Conduct a Preliminary Survey of the Crime Scene 

This is the planning stage of the search. The plans should include: 

A. Form objectives of the search - what is to be found. 

B. Take special note of evidence that may be easily destroyed such as 
shoe prints in dust, footprints, etc. 

C. Organize the search. 

(1) Make assignment for photographs, fingerprints, plaster casts, 
and evidence handling. 

(2) Decide on search pattern, i.e., lane, grid, spiral or zone 
searches. 

(3) Issue instructions to assisting personnel. 

Write a Narrative Description of the Crime Scene 

These are the investigator's original notes which will be used to 
refresh his memory at the trial. They should be an accurate description 
of the crime scene and should include: 

A. Date, time and location of the search. 

B. Weather and lighting conditions. 


7 





C. Identity of others participating in the search. 

D. Assignments given to personnel. 

E. Condition and position of evidence found. 

Sketch the Crime Scene 


A crime scene sketch is a handmade pictorial representation of 
conditions at a crime scene. It is useful in clarifying investigative 
data and making the situation easier to understand by eliminating 
unnecessary detail. A sketch does not replace photographs at the crime 
scene and should be used to show: 

A. Dimensions of furniture, doors, windows, etc. 

B. Distances from objects to extrance and exits. 

C. Distances between objects. 

D. Measurements showing the exact location of items of evidence. Each 
object should be located by tv*> measurements from nonmovable items, such 
as doors, walls, etc. 

Photograph the Crime Scene 

Crime scenes will not remain undisturbed for very long, and therefore 
should be photographed as soon as possible, preferably before anyone is 
allowed into the scene. 

A. Exterior crime scene: 

(1) Establish the location of the scene by photographs from a 
distance to include a landmark. 

(2) Take medium distance photographs to record the relative 
positions of closely related items of evidence. 

(3) Take close-up photographs of individual items of evidence. 

B. Interior crime scene: 

(1) Establish the location of the building through photographs. 


8 




(2) Photograph rooms and other interior areas from typical 
observation points using a wide-angle lens when necessary to 
to show relative positions of all items within the area. 

(3) Take medium distance photographs to show the relative 
positions of closely related items of evidence. 

(4) Take close-up photographs of individual items of evidence. 

C. Evidence photographs are needed to: 

(1) Record the condition of individual items of evidence before 
recovery. (Photographs must show the evidence in detail and 
should include a scale, Investigator's initials and the 
date.) 

(2) Reproduce shoe, tire and similar impressions which can be 
recorded in no other way, or prior to attempts to lift or 
cast. Photographs should show identifying data as indicated 
above. 

Process for Fingerprints 

See Part III of this book for instructions on fingerprintg a crime 

scene. 

Make Shoe Print/Tire Tread Casts and/or Lifts 


See Part IV for instructions on the making of shoe print/tire tread 
casts and/or lifts. 

Collect, Identify and Preserve the Evidence 


For additional information on the collection, identification, and 
preservation of items of evidence, refer to the Evidence Chart and/or 
the appropriate paragraphs elsewhere in Part IV concerning the type of 
examination desired. 

A. Collection. 

(1) All evidence must be collected legally in order to be 
admissible in court at a later date. 


9 





(2) Evidence found during a search should be displayed immediately 
to another Investigator so that both Investigators can testify 
to its source. 

(3) All evidence should be fully described in the searcher's notes 
and photographed in place prior to being picked up. 

B. Identification. 

(1) All articles of an evidentiary nature should be carefully 
marked for identification, preferably on the article itself, 
in a manner not to injure the evidence itself and not to be 
obliterated. These markings, to include initials, date and 
case number, enable the person finding the evidence to 
testify, at a later date, to the finding of it. 

C. Preservation. 

(1) Each item of evidence should be placed in a suitable 
container, such as pillboxes, plastic vials or strong 
cardboard boxes. The container should be suitably identified 
and sealed. 

(2) The legal "chain of custody" must be maintained at all times. 


10 


BOMBING CRIME SCENE 


Bombing crime scenes, in spite of their massive destruction, must be 
conducted on the theory that everything at the scene prior to the 
explosion is still in existence unless it has been vaporized by the 
explosion. locating and identifying items is the problem. Ihe 
often-used statement that so much is destroyed by the explosion that the 
cause must remain unknown is rarely true. Due to various factors, the 
exact amount of explosives used cannot be determined based on an 
evaluation of the damage at the scene. (Note: The information 
contained in above paragraphs concerning a crime scene search also 
applies to a bombing crime scene search.) 

Purpose of Bomb Scene Search 


The purpose of a bomb scene search is to determine what happened, how it 
happened, and gather evidence. 

Special Considerations for a Bomb Scene Search 


The following steps are to assist in the preparation, supervision, and 
evaluation of activity connected with the scene of a bombing. Ihe 
topics covered are not meant to be all inclusive and no attempt has been 
made to comment on the many aspects of the bombing investigation. 

A. Plan of action: Formulate a plan adapted to the particulars of the 
bomb crime scene. This plan will include consideration of the creation 
of an on-scene command post; establishment of lines of supervision; 
assignment of various tasks such as photographing, fingerprint 
processing, crowd control, collection of evidence; protection of the 
crime scene; obtaining necessary equipment; periodic evaluation of 
progress; providing pertinent information to the public; safety; et 
cetera. 

B. Command post: Consider establishing an on-scene command post 
particularly at a large bombing which may require days or weeks to 
complete the crime scene search. The command post should co-ordinate 
efforts amongst investigative personnel and between representatives of 
other agencies and utilities as well as handle inquiries from 
sightseers, persons associated with the scene, relatives of the victims, 
and the press. 

(1) One person should be in overall charge of the bombing 

investigation, another over the actual crime scene search, and 
another over the collection of the evidence. Ihese three 
individuals must maintain close co-ordination and 
expeditiously exchange information on a continual basis. The 
evidence co-ordinator will report directly to the individual 
responsible for the overall bombing investigation. 


11 


297-431 0 


79-2 




C. Safety: Evaluate safety conditions at the outset of the crime 
scene search and on a continual basis throughout the search. Consider 
the possibility of a second bomb, a "jammed" bomb, or live explosives in 
the debris as well as the safety of crowds, nearby residents, and 
personnel at the crime scene. Utilities, weakened walls, et cetera, 
which may create dangerous situations, should also be considered. 

Investigative personnel are not to assume the responsibility for 

handling a bomb . 

D. Protection of crime scene: Take adequate safeguards to protect the 
crime scene from fire, law enforcement, utility, and rescue personnel as 
well as others such as sightseers, victims, and individuals with a 
personal interest in the property. Also, since most residues remaining 
after an initiation of an explosive are water soluble, the crime scene, 
as much as possible, should be protected against exposure to excessive 
moisture be it from rain, snow, broken water pipes, or any other 
source. 

E. Photographs: Take appropriate photographs to give a photographic 
presentation of the crime scene. These photographs should be made 
immediately before, periodically during, and at the completion of the 
crime scene activity. Properly identify each photograph, co-ordinate 
the photographs with diagrams and/or blueprints or maps, and consider 
the advisability of aerial photographs. 

F. Bomb scene specialists: If without a specialist(s) trained in 
handling and processing bomb scenes, make arrangements for obtaining 
such an individual(s). Although the basic principles of conducting a 
crime scene search apply in a bomb scene search, individuals with 
specialized knowledge of explosives, improvised explosive devices, 
damage produced by explosive charges, and other facets associated with 
bomb scene searches, such as the search and collection of physical 
bombing evidence, are extremely valuable to the effective and efficient 
processing of a bomb scene. These specialists need not be qualified 
bomb disposal specialists. They should be the first persons, if 
possible, to be selected for the evidence and crime scene search 
co-ordinator positions. 

G. Equipment: Promptly make arrangements to obtain the necessary 
equipment to move the debris and material at the scene. Although the 
equipment needed at the scene varies, the following have been used: 

(1) Hand tools: shovels, rakes, brooms, boltcutters, wire 
cutters, sledgehammers, hammers, screwdrivers, wrenches, 
chisels, hacksaws, magnets, flashlights, knives, 50' measuring 
tapes, and traffic wheel measuring devices. 


12 




(2) Other equipment: screens for sifting debris, wheelbarrows, 
metal trash cans, power saws, cutting torch equipment, 
ladders, portable lighting equipment, metal detectors, large 
plastic sheets, photographic equipment, and parachute harness 
with related rope and pulleys. 

(3) Heavy equipment: truck, front-end loader, bulldozer, crane, 
and shoring materials. 

(4) Personal equipment: hard hats, safety goggles, gloves (work 
and rubber types), foul weather clothing, coveralls, and work 
shoes. 

(5) Crime scene kit: Usual equipment used for the collection, 
preservation, and identification of physical evidence. 

(6) Vehicle: If the bombed target was a vehicle, bring an 
identical vehicle, if possible, to the scene to assist in 
identifying fragmented and mutilated items. 

H. Search for evidence: Bear in mind the search for evidence at a 
bombing crime scene is important because the crime scene may contain 
principal evidence which will lead to the identification of the 
bomber(s) and/or assist in the succcessful prosecution of the matter. 

The following guidelines are general in nature as the exact method of 
searching depends on various uncontrollable factors: 

(1) Place one person in overall charge of the collection of the 
evidence from the various collectors as valuable evidence may 
not be admissible in court if a proper "chain of custody" 
cannot be established. 

(2) Do not stop the search after a few items of evidence have been 
found. 

(3) Avoid the tendency to concentrate only on physical evidence, 
such as safety fuse, detonating cord, blasting caps, leg 
(electrical) wire, dynamite wrappers, batteries, clock and 
timing devices, electronic and electrical components, metal 
end cap from a UNIT block, plastic end cap from a C4 block, 
explosive residues, and unconsumed explosives, which may 
represent a bomb as this can result in overlooking other 
valuable evidence, such as fingerprints, hair, fibers, soil, 
blood, paint, plastic, tape, tools, toolmarks, metals, 
writing, paper, printing, cardboard, wood, leather, and tire 
tread-shoe print impressions. 


13 


(4) Conduct a well organized, thorough, and careful search to 
prevent the necessity of a second search. However, have a 
secure "dump" area for debris in the event a second search is 
necessary. 

(5) Normally, initiation of the search should start at the site of 
the explosion and work outward. If the bomb crater is in 
earth, obtain soil samples from the perimeter of the crater as 
well as from the sides and bottom making sure to dig into the 
substrata. If the crater is in another material, obtain 
similar samples. 

(6) Sift small debris through a 1/4" wire screen onto an 
insect-type wire screen. Usually these screens are placed on 
2-foot square wooden frames constructed from 2" by 4" lumber. 

(7) X-ray the bodies of living and deceased victims who were in 
close proximity of the explosion site for possible physical 
evidence and if possible, have the evidence removed. (Their 
clothing should be retained as it may contain explosive 
residues.) 

(8) Search a sufficient distance from the site of the explosion as 
evidence has been found several blocks from the sites of large 
explosions. 

(9) Determine the possible flight paths of bomb components to 
prevent needless searching. 

(10) Search trees, shrubbery, telephone poles, and the roofs, 
ledges and gutters of buildings. 

(11) Establish a search pattern for large areas. A line of 
searchers moving forward has been found to be a satisfactory 
method. A bomb scene specialist should follow the line of 
searchers to evaluate the items found, control the searchers, 
and furnish guidance. If a second search is desired, the 
positions of the searchers on the line should be rotated. 

(12) Retain all items foreign to the scene and items which the 
searchers cannot identify after seeking the assistance of 
those familiar with the bombed target. 


14 


PART III 


FBI IDENTIFICATION DIVISION 

The Identification Division of the FBI is the national repository of 
criminal identification data. The obvious need and demand by police 
officials led to an Act of Congress establishing, on July 1, 1924, the 
Identification Division. The fingerprint records of both the National 
Bureau of Criminal Identification and of Leavenworth Penitentiary, 
totaling 810,188 were consolidated to form the nucleus of the FBI 
files. 

A. Concerned with fingerprint records and inquiries pertinent 
thereto. 

B. Largest and most useful collection of identification data in the 
world. 

C. Information available to law enforcement agencies and officals. 

D. All records and information relating thereto are classified as 
confidential. 

E. Over 169,000,000 criminal and civil prints representing 64,000,000 
persons are in file. 

Will furnish standard forms for submitted identification data. 


A. Advantages: 

(1) Saves time of Investigative personnel as forms and information 
received are uniform. 

(2) Saves time of contributor in writing letters or requests. 

(3) Insures inclusion of essential data. 

B. Forms available: 

(1) Pre-addressed criminal fingerprint cards (Form FD 249 
redesigned 3/13/72). 

(2) Applicant fingerprint cards (Form FD 258). 

(3) Personal identification fingerprint cards (Form FD 353). 


( 


15 




(4) Pre-addressed postage and fees prepaid. 

(5) Disposition sheets (Form R 84). To subsequently furnish final 
disposition to an arrest for which a fingerprint card was 
previously submitted. 

(6) Wanted request form (Form I 12). To place or cancel a wanted 
or flash notice in an individual's record. 

(7) Death notice form (Form R 88). To submit information relating 
to death of individual for whom a fingerprint record is known 
to exist. 

(8) Requisition form (Form I 178). To order supply of 
above-mentioned forms. 

Search of fingerprint cards (should list literal or narrative form of 
charge rather than by state code citations). 

A. In order to achieve uniformity in arrest data stored at the 
national level and to improve efficiency of the manual identification 
system, the following policy has been approved by the Attorney General 
of the United States. 

(1) Fingerprints should not be submitted to the FBI Identification 
Division in connection with non-serious offenses unless there 
is a question of identity or a check of Identification 
Division files is considered necessary for current 
investigative purposes. 

(2) Fingerprint cards submitted on non-serious offenses will be 
searched through Identification Division files and returned to 
the contributor with results of the search. 

(3) Non-serious offenses appearing on fingerprint cards returned 
to contributors will not be posted to identification records. 

(4) Every identification record furnished will bear an FBI 
number. 

(5) Criminal fingerprint cards submitted to the Identification 
Division for which there will not be a court adjudication 
(final disposition) will be searched and returned to the 
contributor along with the results of the search. 


16 



(6) Non-federal applicant fingerprint cards are searched through 
the FBI Identification Division files and the records 
disseminated only after the following requirements have been 
met: 


a. A state statute must provide for fingerprinting as a 
requisite for the type of applicant position involved or 
for the type of license to be issued. 

b. All applicant and licensee fingerprints must first be 
checked through the appropriate state identification 
bureau or, if no such bureau exists, through a central 
agency designated for such purpose within the state. 

c. The state bureau or agency handling the fingerprint card 
should forward only those prints on which no 
disqualifying record or substantive information is found 
locally. 

B. Value of records. 

(1) Provides control of prior offenders or vicious characters. 

(2) Identifies fugitives from justice. 

(3) Uncovers criminal information regarding persons seeking 
employment in law enforcement or Government. 

(4) Uncovers "habitual criminal law" offenders (three or more 
prior convictions or felonies). 

(5) Provides prosecuting attorneys, judges, and parole officers 
with background of defendants. 

(6) Identifies dead (homicides, accidental deaths, or deaths from 
natural causes). 

a. Identification of victim essential to investigation of 
crime. 

b. Generally essential to prosecution of crime. 

c. Family can be notified. 

d. Military burial rights established. 


17 


(7) locates missing persons. 

a. Placed for law enforcement agencies. 

b. Placed for relative of the person under certain 
circumstances. 

(8) Identifies victims of amnesia or accidents. 

C. Approximately 22,000 fingerprints are received each day. Urgent 
inquiries and identifications are given expeditious handling. 

D. Footprint File. 

(1) If arrested person has no fingers, footprints should be taken 
for record purposes. 

(2) Area behind "great" toes are used for classification. 

(3) About 400 sets are contained in FBI files. 

Name checks to locate identification records (includes aliases and 
nicknames). 

A. Provides investigative leads and background of suspects where 
fingerprints are not available for search. 

B. locates fingerprint records or possible records of fugitives and 
missing persons. 

C. Adequate data must be furnished on which to make a search: 


(1) 

Name 


(2) 

FBI number, or 


(3) 

Law enforcement agency arrest number, or 


(4) 

Armed Forces service number. 


(5) 

If item two, three, or four are not known 
data including date and place of birth of 
furnished. 

then descriptive 
individual should be 


18 



Fugitive Program 


A. Wanted notices placed on fingerprint records for law enforcement 
agencies. 

(1) Agency notified immediately if individual is arrested. 

(2) Over 174,000 fugitive notices on file with an average addition 
of 1,500 per manth. 

(3) Approximately 1,500 fugitives identified per manth. 

B. Records and personal descriptions of fugitives furnished to 
Agency. 

C. One year follow-up procedure to determine if "want" is still 
active. 

Missing Persons Program 


A. Placed for law enforcement agencies (no reason required). 

B. Placed for relative of person under certain circumstances — must 
involve genuine interest in person's welfare or minor children. 

C. Fingerprint card located in file, if possible. 

D. Name and description placed in name file if no fingerprint 
available. 

E. Complete descriptive data and background data should accompany 
request. 

F. Approximately 5,000 active missing person notices maintained in 
file. 


G. One year follow-up procedure to determine if notice is still 
active. 

Latent Fingerprint Section 
A. Latent print examinations: 

(1) Will examine lifts, negatives, photographs or original objects 
for latent prints of value for identification purposes. 


19 





(2) Will compare latent prints for indefinite period with inked 
prints of suspects submitted or with named suspects whose 
prints are contained in our files. 

a. Photographs and negatives of latent prints of value are 
prepared at time of original examination and retained for 
future comparisons. 

b. No need to resubmit original evidence when making 
subsequent requests for comparisons. 

c. All original evidence will be returned to contributing 
agency unless directed to make some other disposition by 
the contributing agency. 

B. Examination of fingers of deceased persons. 

(1) Through visual examination or special techniques, FBI 
fingerprint specialists may derive ten-finger formula which 
permits file search. The best inked prints obtained from 
decomposed bodies are often not classifiable. 

(2) If unable to determine ten-finger formula for file search, 
will preserve all prints, however fragmentary, for comparison 
with prints of persons named for this purpose by contributor. 

(3) All such specimens must be returned to contributor since FBI 
has no authority to dispose of specimens. 

(4) When investigating a case involving a deceased person(s), 
the following should always be done: 

a. Take inked fingerprints and palm prints for positive 
identification and for comparison with latent prints 
which may subsequently be found. 

b. If legible inked prints are not possible, sever hands 
(with proper authority-usually local coroner) and forward 
in accordance with shipping instructions in C. (4) 
below. 

C. Transmitting evidence to FBI Latent Print Section. 

(1) Nonporous objects should be placed in individual nonporous 

protective coverings, such as transparent envelopes. If item 
is fragile, protect from breakage. 


20 


(2) Porous items should be placed in a protective covering, such 
as a paper envelope. Any number of such items can be placed 
in one envelope. Cardboard cartons need not be shipped in 
assembled position, but may be flattened out and covered with 
a protective wrapper. 

(3) If evidence is exclusively for fingerprint examination, it 
should be directed to: 

Director 

Federal Bureau of Investigation 
10th and Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. 

Washington, D.C. 20537 
Attention: Identification Division 

Latent Fingerprint Section 

If examinations are involved requiring Laboratory and Latent 
fingerprint examination, submit to: 

Director 

Federal Bureau of Investigation 
10th and Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. 

Washington, D.C. 20535 
Attention: FBI Laboratory 

(4) Send by air express, registered mail, registered air mail or 
by personal delivery. If hands or fingers are being 
submitted, they should be placed in airtight container filled 
with alcohol or formaldehyde solution. 

D. Latent print examinations and testimony. 

(1) Examination will be made even if the evidence in the case has 
been or will be subjected to the same technical examination by 
other experts in this same scientific field. 

(2) Expeditious service will be afforded specific evidence, if 
requested. Such priority treatment should be utilized only 
when absolutely necessary. 

(3) FBI Latent Fingerprint experts will testify to their findings 
in a case at trial matters for all federal agencies, U. S. 
attorneys and military tribunals in both civil and criminal 
matters and for all duly constituted state, county and 
municipal law enforcement agencies in connection with their 
official investigations of criminal matters. 


21 



(4) In court proceedings other than a trial (preliminary hearing, 
grand jury presentation), it is requested that the original 
official report be used in lieu of the actual appearance of an 
FBI expert, if acceptable to the court. However, if the 
report is not acceptable, our expert will testify at the 
proceeding. 

E. Developing Latent Prints. 

(1) Nonporous or nonabsorbent surfaces, such as glass, polished 
metal, painted or varnished wood, porcelain and ceramic tile, 
are processed using fingerprint powders. 

a. FBI recommends use of gray and black powders since other 
colors are more difficult to photograph. 

b. Choose color of powder to contrast with color of surface 
being examined with the exception of reflective mirrors, 
glass or polished chrome. FBI recommends using gray 
powder only. 

c. Do not powder obviously greasy surfaces, wet surfaces, 
bloody surfaces or prints in dust. Prints on such 
surfaces can only be photographed. 

(2) Porous or absorbent surfaces such as paper, cardboard or 
unpainted wood are processed chemically using the iodine 
fuming, ninhydrin, and silver nitrate methods since these 
processes will develop latent prints for longer periods of 
time and stains may be removed or partially removed frcm 
document material. 

F. Preservation of latent prints dictates that permanent replicas or 
photographs for comparison and prosecutive purposes be made. 

(1) Photographing. (It is recommended that all latent prints be 
photographed before lifting.) 

(2) Lifting. 

a. All powder prints should be lifted after photographing. 

b. Transparent tape and rubber tape in black and white are 
generally used to lift the latent print. When 
transparent tape is used, a color contrasting to the 
color of the backing card should be used to secure the 
lift. Use a color rubber tape which contrasts with the 
color of powder used. 


22 


G. Use of Fingerprint camera. 

(1) Advantages: 

a. Fixed focus. 

b. Has its own light source. 

c. Makes natural size photographs and negatives. 

(2) FBI recommends the use of a roll film adapter for 2 1/4 by 
3 1/4 Folmer-Groflex and Sirchie fingerprint cameras. 120 
Tri-x (eight exposures) roll film is recommended. One such 
adapter is the Horseman Roll Film Holder. Modification 
instructions are available upon request from the FBI Latent 
Fingerprint Section, Washington, D.C. 

(3) Exposures. 

a. Folmer-Graflex camera: 

(1) Black powder print on white surface-snapshot. 

(2) Gray powder on black surface-one second. 

b. Sirchie camera: 

(1) Set diaphragm at F.3. 

(2) Black powder print on white surface-one second. 

(3) Gray powder print on black surface-two seconds. 

(4) Procedures for use of fingerprint camera: 

a. Camera opening must be flush with surface. 

b. Shut out all outside light. 

c. Take several shots of each latent print with appreciable 
variations in exposure times (Example: snapshot, one 
second and two seconds.) 


i 


23 


d. Take overlapping shots of large areas such as palm prints 
or simultaneous fingerprints. 

e. Prints showing definite elevation of ridges and furrows 
sometime show better contrast by turning out lights on 
one side of camera. 

f. Position latent prints in center of opening on front of 
camera. Include identification tag alongside each print 
to be photographed. This tag should bear initials, date, 
and other data necessary to identify with crime scene. 

H. Reference Files in Latent Fingerprint Section. 

(1) General Appearance file contains approximately 1,255 
confidence men (swindlers) and 790 major thieves (primarily 
fur and jewel thieves). 

a. Agency should obtain complete description of subject from 
victim and forward for search. 

b. Photos of persons having similar description will be 
forwarded to agency for display to victim. 

(2) Single fingerprint files contain known prints of persons who 
have committed certain types of major crimes. Categories 
included are: 


a. Bank robbery. 

b. Bank burglary. 

c. Bank larceny. 

d. Kidnapping. 

e. Extortiono 

f. Interstate transportation of obscene materials. 

g. Major thieves. 

h. Professional fraudulent check passers. 

(3) National Unidentified Latent File contains unidentified latent 
prints from crime scenes in FBI investigated major-type 
crimes. 


24 


I. Advanced Latent Fingerprint Schools. 

(1) Latent print examiners will be sent as instructors. Submit 
request to local FBI. 

(2) FBI will furnish technical equipment. 

(3) Sponsored by a local law enforcement agency. 

(4) Desire 15 to 20 local law enforcement officers in each 
school. 

J. FBI Disaster Squad - will assist in identifying victims in major 
disasters. 

(1) By fingerprinting victims. 

(2) By comparing prints of victims with available known prints at 
scene. 

(3) Requires request from local law enforcement agency or 
transportation company. 

Identification Literature 


A. Reprints of articles previously appearing in the Law Enforcement 
Bulletin on detailed aspects of latent print work and general 
Identification Division matters. 

B. Booklet of standard arrest abbreviations. 

C. Booklet entitled, "Science of Fingerprints" available through the 
FBI by addressing your request to Federal Bureau of Investigation, J. 
Edgar Hoover Building, 10th and Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, 

D. C. 20535 Attention: Records Management Division, Publication 
Sub-unit or the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing 
Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, at a cost of $2.10 each (economical and 
best textbook). 


25 





PART IV 


FBI LABORATORY DIVISION 
SEROLOGY EXAMINATIONS 

Forensic serology consists of the identification and characterization of 
blood and other body fluids in the crime laboratory. Evidence is 
received mainly in connection with violent crimes, such as murder, rape, 
robbery, and assault-and-battery. Evidence in burlgary, hit-and-run 
cases and game violation cases are also frequently received. 

BLOOD 

Blood Examinations Aid Investigations 

A. In location of the crime scene - Identification of human blood of a 
similar group to that of the victim can pinpoint the area for a crime 
scene search. 

B. In determining the possible commission of a crime - Occasionally, 
the identification of human blood on a highway, sidewalk, porch, or in a 
car is the first indication of a crime's occurrence. 

C. In identifying the weapon used - Ihe grouping of human blood 
identified on a club, knife or hammer can be of considerable 
investigative and prosecutive value. 

D. In proving or disproving a suspect's alibi - The findings of human 
blood on an item belonging to a suspect who claims an animal as the 
blood source. The findings of animal blood can substantiate the claim 
of an innocent person. 

E. In eliminating suspects - Ihe determination by grouping tests that 
human blood on suspect items is different frcm the victim's blood can 
facilitate the release of a suspect. Blood found similar to the 
suspect's blood group can help to substantiate a suspect's claim of 
having a nosebleed or other injury. 

Information Determinable by Blood Tests 

A. Identification of stains as blood - Chemical and microscopic 
analyses are necessary to positively identify blood. Ihe appearance of 
blood can vary greatly depending on the age of stains and on other 
factors. 

B. Determination whether blood is of human or animal origin - If 
animal, determination of specific animal family. 

C. Determination of blood group if human. 


26 




(1) Classification of dried blood into one of the four groups of 
the International ABO Blood Grouping System may be done. 

(2) Dried blood in sufficiently good condition and quantity may be 
further characterized in other blood grouping systems such as 
the Rhesus (Rh), MN, and various enzyme typing systems (PGM, 
EAP, etc.). These systems are more susceptible to adverse 
conditions and aging than the ABO system. 

Limitations of Blood Examinations 

A. It is not possible to identify human blood as coming from a 
particular person. 

B. The race and sex of the person from whom blood came cannot be 
conclusively ascertained; nor can the age of a dried stain be 
determined. 

Collection, Identification and Wrapping of Bloodstained Evidence 


A. Garments and fabrics: 

(1) Investigator's identifying marks should be put directly on the 
fabric in ink, away from stained areas if possible. 

(2) Each item should be wrapped separately. 

(3) Stains which are moist must be dried out before wrapping or 
putrefaction of blood will occur. 

(4) Drying should be done by exposure to the atmosphere in a 
secure, well-ventilated room and not be exposed to direct 
sunlight or heat. 

B. Blood on surfaces such as walls or floors - Best to submit the wall 
or floor section, but can be scraped off into pillbox or vial. Avoid 
envelopes; however, if envelope only is available, scrapings should be 
first enclosed in druggist fold and thoroughly sealed by cellophane 
tape. Container identified by investigator's marks. Take care to avoid 
contamination in the scraping. Success of the examinations can depend 
on you . 

C. Blood on auto surfaces - If not present in sufficient quantity to 
scrape off, stained car unit should be submitted. 

D. Blood on pieces of glass: 

(1) Pieces should be submitted if stains are too thin for removal 
of adequate amount by scraping. 


27 


297-431 0 - 79-3 





(2) Specimens should be insulated in package to avoid breakage in 
transit. 

(3) Mark item itself or on container holding scrapings. 

E. Blood in dirt or sand: 

(1) If blood is encrusted on surface, the crusts should be removed 
and enclosed in separate pillboxes to avoid additional 
contamination with dirt and sand during shipment. Remainder 
of specimen may be submitted in circular ice cream-type 
container. 

(2) Mark containers appropriately. 

F. Blood on large metallic objects, such as car bumpers or pipes: 

(1) If shipped in wooden box, the use of wooden cleats or wires 
inside box is suggested to hold specimen securely and avoid 
frictional removal of stains during shipment. 

(2) Mark items themselves. 

G. Liquid blood samples: 

(1) Samples from victim and suspect should be submitted, if 
possible. 

(2) Sample should be at least five cubic centimeters in a properly 
marked sterile container. 

(3) No refrigerants and/or dry ice should be added to the sample. 

(4) A small amount of an anticoagulant (EDTA or heparin) is 
recommended in the sample. 

(5) Sample should be shipped registered airmail special delivery 
to the Laboratory. 

(6) Stopper should be sealed with tape to avoid loosening due to 
air pressure differences in plane and possible loss of blood. 

(7) Keep under refrigeration but do not freeze. 


28 




Blood Evidence Transmittal Letter 


The letter of request should contain the following information: 

A. A statement of facts surrounding the case. 

B. Any claims made by the suspect as to the source of blood on 

evidence items. 

C. Blood group of victim and suspect, if definitely known. 

D. Whether or not animal blood might be present. 

OTHER SIGNIFICANT BODY FLUIDS 

Body Fluid Examinations Aid Investigations 

A. Seminal Stains: 

(1) Their identification by chemical and microscopic means on 
vaginal smears or swabs or on a rape victim's clothing may be 
of value in corroborating the claims of victim. 

(2) If the depositor is a secretor and proper known controls are 
available , grouping test may provide the depositor's ABO blood 
type. 

(3) Enzyme typing (PGM, etc.) also is possible in semen stains 
where sufficient sample size and quality are available. 

B. Saliva Stains: 

(1) When from a known source, may be used in conjunction with 
liquid blood from the same source to establish secretor status 
of individual (see below). 

(2) When from questioned source, may provide information as to ABO 
blood type of depositor ( proper known samples necessary ). 

C. Urine Stains: 

(1) May be qualitatively identified based on chemical testing; 
however, absolute identification is not possible. No 
routinely available forensic techniques will give reliable 
blood group information from urine. 

Secretors and Secretor Status 


A. Secretors (about 80% of population) are individuals who have in 
their other body fluids (semen, saliva, vaginal fluid) detectable 
amounts of the same ABO group characteristics as in their blood. 

29 









B. Nonsecretors (remainder of poplulation) do not exhibit such 
characterisitcs. 

C. Secretor determination requires dried saliva samples and liquid 
blood samples from individual. 

Limitations on Seminal Stain and Saliva Stain Grouping Tests 


A. Too often semen is mixed with urine or vaginal secretions of the 
victim and reliable grouping tests are not possible. 

B. Saliva on cigarette stubs is often dirty. Saliva on cigar butts is 
not groupable. Ash trays should not be simply emptied into a container. 
Rather, individual cigarette butts should be separately packaged and 
care taken to avoid ash and debris contamination of any possible 
saliva. 

C. A person may be a "weak" secretor and the amount of blood group 
factor present in the semen or saliva is insufficient for reliable 
grouping tests. 

D. Accurate evaluation of grouping test results on questioned semen 
and saliva stains requires known dried saliva and liquid blood sample's 

from the victim and suspect. 

E. In view of the difficulties involved in cigarette saliva grouping 
and the circumstantial nature of any successful results, it is often 
more expedient to request latent fingerprint in preference to 
serological examination. 

Collection, Identification and Packaging of Evidence Stained with Body 

Fluids 


A. Semen Samples: 

(1) Clothing or other material bearing suspected semen stains 

should be marked with dates and initials, dried if moist, and 
each item packaged separately. 

B. Saliva Samples: 

(1) Questioned samples should be handled as above for semen. 

(2) lb obtain known saliva sample, donor should expectorate on 
filter paper to provide a stain approximately 1 1/2 inches in 
diameter. Saliva should be clean and undiluted. Stain should 
be circled with pencil before drying is complete. Label with 
initials, date and place in appropriately labeled envelope. 

(3) Never submit liquid saliva samples. 


30 










THE RAPE CASE - SPECIAL EVIDENCE CONSIDERATIONS 

A. Because of the possibilities of serological evidence in a rape 
case, evidence collection and preservation warrants special 
consideration. Ihe forensic serologist can often provide the 
investigator with valuable information beyond the statement that "semen 
is present" on an item if the necessary samples are obtained and 
properly preserved prior to submission to the Laboratory. Ihe situation 
outlined below represents the ideal case; however, in many instances, 
much of the evidence listed may be obtained without excessive 
difficulty. 

B. It should be realized, however, that the majority of this evidence 
should be collected as soon as possible (within hours of the crime). 

C. Ihe following evidence should be obtained from the victim in a rape 
case: 

(1) Ttoo (2) vaginal smear slides for use as a means of showing 
that spermatozoa (and semen) is, in fact, present. Slides to 
be sent to a criminal laboratory should not be fixed or 
stained at all. 

(2) Liquid blood sample at least 5cc. in volume. Anticoagulants 
may be used, heparin or ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid 

(EDTA) are preferred. This sample enables the serologist to 
determine the victim's blood group. 

(3) Four vaginal swabs (dry before packaging). These would be 
used for grouping determinations in the event that the victim, 
suspect or both are found to be secretors. 

(4) Two clean swabs from the same package as the above vaginal 
swabs. These would be used as unstained control swabs to show 
that any result obtained is or is not due to the cotton of the 
swabs themselves. 

(5) Saliva sample on filter paper. (For instructions on how to 
obtain this sample see the appropriate information within 
saliva paragraph above.) Grouping tests on this sample will 
reveal the secretor status of the individual. 

(6) In addition to the above, items of clothing, bed clothes, 
etc., would logically be obtained from the scene and victim at 
this time or as soon after as possible. 


31 



D. Evidence collected from the suspect would logically include 
clothing, a liquid blood sample and a saliva sample, taken as described 
above. Hair samples should also be taken from the suspect(s). 


32 




MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATIONS 


HAIRS AND FIBERS 

Hairs and Fibers Examinations Aid the Investigation 

These examinations are valuable in that they assist in: 

A. Placing the suspect at the scene of the crime. 

(1) Interchange of hairs or fibers between the victim's and 
suspect's clothing in crimes of violence such as rape, assault 
and murder. 

(2) Hairs or fibers from a suspect left at the scene of crimes 
such as burglaries, armed robberies and car thefts. 

B. Identifying the scene of the crime - hairs or fibers left at the 
scene of crimes such as burglaries and armed robberies. 

C. Identifying the weapon or the instrument of a crime - hairs or 
fibers on wrenches, knives or clubs. 

D. Identifying hit-and-run vehicles - hairs or fibers adhering to 
suspect automobile. 

E. Corroborating witness testimony. 

Information Determined from an Examination of a Hair 


A. Whether animal or human. 

(1) If animal, the species from which it originated (dog, cat, 
deer, beef, etc.) 

(2) If human, the race, body area, how removed from the body, 
damage, and alteration (bleaching or dyeing) may be 
determined. 

Limitations of Hair Examinations 

A. Not positive evidence; however, is good circumstantial evidence. 

B. Age or sex cannot be determined. 

Information Determined From Fiber Examinations 

A. Identification of the type of fiber. 


33 






(1) Animal (wool) 

(2) Vegetable (cotton) 

(3) Synthetic (man-made) 

(4) Mineral (glass) 

B. Determination as to whether or not questioned fibers are the same 
type and/or color and match in microscopic characteristics with those 
fibers which a suspect's garment is comprised of. 

C. Not positive evidence, but good circumstantial evidence. 

Fabric 


A positive identification can be made if a questioned piece of fabric 
can be fitted to the known material. Composition, construction, color 
and diameter of fibers may be compared. 

Tape 


A positive identification can be made with the end of a piece of tape 
left at the scene of the crime and a roll of suspect tape (similar to 
fabric examination). Composition, construction and color may be 
compared. 

Cordage/Rope 


A piece of rope left at the scene of the crime may be compared with 
similar suspect rope. 

A. Composition, construction, color and diameter can be determined. 

B. Manufacturer can sometimes be determined, if tracer present. 
BOTANICAL 

Botanical examinations are conducted where plant material from a known 
source if compared with plant material from a questioned locale. 

ANTHROPOLOGICAL 

A. Frequent identifications are made through comparisons of teeth with 
dental records and X-rays with corresponding bone structures. 

B. Examinations may be made to determine if skeletal remains are 
animal or human. If human, the race, sex, approximate height and 
stature and approximate age at death may be determined. 


34 






WOOD 


The presence of a suspect at the crime scene can often be established 
from a comparison of wood from his clothing, vehicle or possession with 
wood from the crime scene. 

Types of WOod Examinations 


A. Specific source 

(1) Side or end matching. 

(2) Fracture matching. 

B. Species identification 
NIGHT DEPOSITORY TRAP DEVICES 

Devices or items suspected as being portions of devices used to trap 
deposits placed in bank night depositories are examined as to design, 
construction, composition and trace evidence, and compared with similar 
devices previously received in an effort to determine if the device was 
designed by the same individual(s). 

CIGARETTE IDENTIFICATION FILE 

A. Used by examiners to identify cigarette butts received as 
evidence. 

B. Currently composed of over 150 different types of American 
cigarettes. 

C. New brands are obtained semiannually. 

MISCELLANEOUS EXAMINATIONS 

These examinations include the following: 

A. Button matches 

B. Fabric impressions 

C. Glove prints 

D. Laundry markings 


35 



(1) 


Invisible Laundry Mark File maintained 


(2) No file maintained on visible laundry marks 













































if 


ilogs. Print ( 
?h for good i 

assistance ir 
consult a st 

ave comply 
Desk, w> 


CHEMICAL EXAMINATIONS 
TOXICOLOGY EXAMINATIONS 
Purpose 

Assists the medical examiner in determining the cause of death in 
suspected cases of poisoning. 

Types of Poisons 

A. Valatiles, such as carbon monoxide, alcohols, cyanide and 
solvents. 

B. Heavy metals, such as arsenic, mercury, lead and antimony. 

C. Solvent soluble compounds, such as aspirin, nicotine, and common 
drugs of abuse. 

D. Miscellaneous poisons such as pesticides, inorganic compounds, 
plants, caustics and insects. 

Background Information Useful to Toxicological Examiner 

A. Copy of autopsy report. 

B. Symptoms exhibited prior to death. 

C. List of drugs administered to victim. 

D. List of toxic chemicals normally encountered by victim in 
employment or at home. 

Desirable Specimens for Complete Laboratory Examination 

A. Brain (200 grams). 

B. Liver (200 grams). 

C. Kidney (100 grams). 

D. Blood (20 cc) (add preservative and identify). 

E. Urine (all). 

F. Gastric contents (all). 


37 






G. Vitreous Humor. 


H. Any suspect food, drugs or chemicals. 

Preparation for Shipment to Laboratory 

A. Place each organ and fluid in a separate sealed container. 

B. Have pathologist label and initial each specimen. 

C. Place container in insulated box with dry ice (do not allow dry ice 
to touch glass jars). 

D. Mark package "Keep Cool" and transmit by fastest practical method. 
PHARMACEUTICAL AND DRUG EXAMINATIONS 

Information Helpful to Laboratory Examiner 

A. Interview of suspect regarding source and use. 

B. Prescription data. 

C. If possible, submit sample in original container. 

Collection and Preservation 

A. Each item packaged separately and securely. 

B. Each item and/or its container clearly identified by initials and 
item number. 

Information Determined from the Examinations 

A. Weight of pharmaceuticals. 

B. Qjantitation of active ingredients. 

C. Whether a controlled substance or prescription item. 

ARSON EXAMINATIONS 

Reasons for Arson 


A. 


Insurance. 







B. Revenge. 

C. Crime coverage. 

D. Pyromania. 

E. Civil disobedience. 

Things to Look for in Arson 

A. Many fires in unrelated areas. 

B. Arson devices. 

(1) Candle plants. 

(2) Cigarette in matchbook. 

(3) Molotov cocktail. 

(4) Sugar, potassium chlorate, sulfuric acid. 

C. Fire trails. 

(1) Cloth ropes. 

(2) Burn trails on carpeting. 

(3) Deep charring trails in hardwood. 

D. Removal of property - No typical remains of household goods in 
debris. 

Types of Evidence 

Specimens should be absorbent in nature or of a type that will retain a 
flammable liquid, such as: 

A. Padded furniture. 

B. Carpets. 

C. Plasterboard. 

D. Soil. 


39 




E. Clothing. 


F. Molotov cocktails. 
Preservation of Evidence 


Most readily flam able liquids are volatile and are easily lost through 
evaporation. 

A. Use air tight containers. 

(1) Clean metal cans (preferable). 

(2) Clean glass jars. 

B. Properly identify specimen - Initial specimen or container. 
Interpretation of Laboratory Results 


A. Gas chromatography examination of distillates recovered from 
suspected arson debris usually aids in classifying the product as 
regards to distillation range such as gasoline, fuel oil and paint 
solvents. 

B. Limitations: Generally unable to identify specific brand of 
gasoline or fuel oil due to weathering, common intermixing of commercial 
brands and lack of distinguishing characteristics between brands. 

GENERAL CHEMICAL ANALYSIS EXAMINATIONS 

Definition 


Qualitative and quantitative analysis of miscellaneous chemical 
evidence. 

Sources of Materials 


A. Automobile accidents: Grease from suspect vehicle taken from 
appropriate area; grease smears from victim. 

B. Fraud cases: Verification or disproving specifications in 
government purchases, product verification in "pyramiding" operations, 
con games, replacement of valuable product constituents with worthless 
constituents, etc. 

(1) Desired information - Claims made for product by manufacturers 
or distributors, alleged constituents, complaints by users, 
etc. 


40 






(2) Limitations - Products cannot be tested mechanically or to 
determine pros or cons of use. Analysis is limited to 
determinaton or constituents and literature search in 
reference thereto. Consideration of use of outside 
laboratories can be given to other necessary testing. 

C. Malicious mischief cases: Destruction of paint surfaces, lawns, 
other valuables with harsh chemicals. 

D. Assault cases: Use of harsh chemicals on assault victims, 
lubricants used in rape and sodomy cases, miscellaneous unknown 
chemicals found at assault scene, etc. 

E. Sabotage: Harsh chemicals or sugars in fuel tanks and oil pans, 
gears, etc., of drive trains; sea water contamination aboard ships. 

F. Ink Analysis. 

(1) Scope - Comparison of the formulation of questioned and/or 
known ink specimens including typewriter ribbons and stamp pad 
inks. 

(2) Limitations - When ink formulations are the same, it is not 
possible to determine whether or not they originated from the 
same source to the exclusion of other inks having similar 
formulations. 

(3) Standard ink reference files necessary for possible 
association of a questioned ink with a manufacturer are not 
maintained in the Laboratory. 

G. Miscellaneous chemical examinations such as: 

(1) Tear gas on bank robbery packets. 

(2) Constituent determination in patent cases. 

(3) Flash and water soluable paper in gambling and espionage 
cases. 

(4) Verification of stolen chemicals in ITSP and TFIS cases. 

(5) Harsh chemicals or sugars in DAMV cases. 


41 


MINERALOGY EXAMINATIONS 


Mineralogy includes many materials, mostly inorganic, crystalline or 
mineral in character. Comparisons will, by inference, connect a suspect 
or object with a crime scene, prove or disprove an alibi, provide 
investigative leads or substantiate a theorized chain of events. 
Materials include glass, building materials, soil, debris, industrial 
dusts, safe insulations, ores, minerals, abrasives and gems. 

GLASS 

Glass, a noncrystalline, rigid material makes excellent physical 
evidence. 

Glass Fractures 

Fracture patterns are unique; examinations result in valuable 
information as to direction of breaking force; a physical match of two 
pieces of glass results in an opinion that they came from a common 
source to the exclusion of all other sources. 

A. Penetration of glass panes by bullets or high speed projectiles 
produces a cone pattern from which the direction and some idea of the 
angle of penetration can be determined. 

(1) If the cone is blown away, stress line patterns as described 
below are used to determine the direction of the force. 

(2) The type of ammunition may sometimes be determined by firing 
tests. 



42 










B. By an examination of stress lines on radial cracks near the point 
of impact, the direction of the force used to break the glass can be 
determined. 

(1) This determination depends on identification of the radial 

cracks and the point or points of impact. A sufficient amount 
of glass must be submitted to reconstruct a portion of the 
pane from the edge to the point of impact. All, or as much as 
possible, of the pane must be submitted. 



43 


297-431 0 - 79-4 















(2) The pieces of glass remaining in the window after the breaking 
should each be labeled to indicate inside or outside prior to 
submission to the Laboratory. 

(3) The direction of the breaking force cannot be determined from 
tempered glass (commonly found in auto windows) or very small 
panes of glass. 

(4) Laminated glass, such as windshields present special problems. 
Subnit entire windshield if possible. 

(5) Heat breaks can be identified, but the side on which the heat 
was applied cannot be determined fran fracture edges. 

C. Pieces of glass may often be fitted together. 

(1) By fitting pieces together with microscopic matching of stress 
lines, the Laboratory examiner can positively identify the 
pieces as originally having been broken fran a single pane, 
bottle or headlight. 

(2) If pertinent portions of a bottle or headlight can be fitted 
together, the manufacturer, type, etc., may be determined for 
lead purposes. 

(3) If pertinent portions of plastic lenses (such as vehicle 
taillights) can be fitted together, the make and model of the 
lens and/or the vehicle can often be determined. 

Glass Particles 


When a window breaks, glass particles shower toward the direction of the 
force 10 feet or more. Particles, therefore, can be found in the hair 
and on the clothing of the perpetrator. Particles beccme embedded in 
bullets and/or objects used to break windows. Particles of broken glass 
from a hit-and-run vehicle are often on the victim's clothing. 

A. By microscopic, optical and density comparisons, glass particles 
can be identified on glass or compared with glass from a known source. 

B. The Laboratory expert cannot identify the source to the exclusion 
of all other sources; however, it can be stated and demonstrated that it 
is highly improbable that the particles came from a source other than 
the matching known source; if two or more different known sources can be 
matched, the conclusion is greatly enchanced. 


44 



Glass Fibers and Fiberglass Insulation Materials 


Glass fibers from boats, auto fenders, filters and most often building 
or duct insulations may adhere to the clothing or belongings of 
suspect(s). By microscopic and optical comparisons glass fibers are 
identified and compared with the known source by techniques similar to 
those used for comparing particles. 

Collection of Glass Specimens 

A. In cases where the direction of breaking force is required, pieces 
left undisturbed in the window must be marked as to inside or outside 
and all available glass must be submitted so that enough pieces can be 
fitted together to identify the radial cracks near the point of impact 
and the point of impact. 

B. Where pieces are large enough to fit together, all available glass 
must be submitted to increase the probability of finding matching 
edges. 

C. Do not use envelopes for glass. Wrap each piece securely and 
package tightly. 

D. Send all available items of clothing of the suspect, comb his hair 
and check for particles in sweat on skin and in wounds. 

E. Where fiberglass insulation is involved, be sure all sources from 
various areas are sampled. Look for added insulation over older 
insulation (send both). 

SOILS, DUSTS, DEBRIS 

Soil is defined as any finely divided material on the surface of the 
earth and may contain such man-made materials as cinders, shingle 
stones, glass particles, paint, rust, etc. Soil, as a category, 
includes debris, industrial dusts, oily soil from under vehicles as well 
as natural soils. 

Value of Soil as Evidence 


A. Soil varies widely from point to point on the surface of the earth 
and even more with depth. Many small samples are better than one large 
sample. 


45 






B. Soil cannot be positively identified as coming from one source to 
the exclusion of all others, but the Laboratory expert can associate 
questioned soil with a most probable source, conclude that a source 
cannot be eliminated or that a point or area could not be the source of 
the questioned soil. Such conclusions have proven extremely valuable in 
the proof of criminal cases. 

C. Industrial dust specimens or soil near factories are often 
distinctive. 

D. Debris may contain particles characteristic of a specific area. 
Collection of Soil Specimens 


A. The investigator should seek likely areas at the crime scene such 
as shoe prints, tire marks, burial sites or muddy areas where a transfer 
of soil to the suspect is logical. The investigator should attempt to 
get samples which appear the same as the soil on the suspect's shoes or 
belongings. 

B. Several samples should be taken from crime scene areas because of 
the above-mentioned variation in small areas and additional samples in 
at least four directions up to 300' from the scene should be sampled to 
show that a variation does exist and to allow the Laboratory to "judge" 
the probability that the questioned soil could have come from the area. 
Samples should be taken from the surface no deeper than shoes of tires 
would depress the soil. Many small samples are desirable, a mixture 
from a large area or a sample taken too deep may introduce unwanted 
variations. 

C. Alibi areas such as the suspect's yard or work area should be 
sampled. 

D. Plant particles, leaves and seeds on or in soil may be identified 
and compared. 

E. Where soil has fallen or been deposited inside buildings or cars 
send carpets or attempt to keep lumps intact by secure packing; lumps 
break up in a too large, unpacked container. 

F. Soil from under car fenders may be in layers. Such soil should be 
chipped or cut off and packaged so that layers can be kept intact for 
comparison with similar lumps that may be found at the crime scene. 

G. Shoes, tires and other items should be submitted to the Laboratory. 
Attempts to remove the soil in the field may destroy valuable soil 
characteristics. 


46 



Packaging of Soil Specimens 


A. Do not use envelopes for soil 

B. Use leakproof containers; if glass jars must be used, pack so as to 
avoid breakage. 

SAFE INSULATIONS 

Safe insulation is found between the walls of fire resistant safes, in 
vaults and safe cabinets. It is readily transferred to tools and 
clothing. 

Collection and Packaging 

A. Sample near broken edge of insulation. 

B. Send tools or clothing to Laboratory, do not remove deposits in the 
field. 

C. Pack to keep lumps intact; protect deposits on tools by wrapping. 
BUILDING MATERIALS 

Value of Evidence 


A. Where entry is through a roof or wall, particles adhere to clothing 
or tools and may be on the loot or in toolbags or vehicles. 

B. These materials are usually common materials with few 
characteristics. Maximum value as evidence requires the presence of 
several types, such as brick, mortar, plaster, stucco, etc. 

Collection and Packaging 


A. The hole should be examined and materials of each type should be 
obtained. 

B. Submit in leakproof containers. 

ORES, MINERALS, ROCK, CERAMICS 

These materials will be examined or compared as requested. Mineral 
content of ores can be determined; spurious or excessive claims of ore 
value can be disproved. 


47 






ABRASIVE MATERIALS 


In sabotage and malicious damage to engines, cars, trains, etc., 
abrasive materials may be put in oil or lubricants. Ihese materials can 
be identified as sand or commercial abrasives and are of some value for 
comparison. 

Collection of Specimens for Abrasives 


A. If oil, the oil from the engine pump and/or filters should be 
submitted; abrasives settle in oil or fuel. 

B. Send affected bearings or parts; the abrasive may be embedded; 
scratches or cuts may be typical of abrasive damage. 

GEMS, PRECIOUS STONES, SYNTHETIC AND FAKE GEMS 

The Laboratory can determine whether genuine, synthetic or fake and can 
appraise diamonds and some colored gems. 


48 



FIREARMS IDENTIFICATON 


Firearms identification is the study by which a bullet, cartridge case 
or shotshell casing may be identified as having been fired by a 
particular weapon to the exclusion of all other weapons. 

CONCLUSIONS 

Either one of the three conclusions listed below can be reached. If 
either A or B is reached that conclusion is positive as in fingerprint 
identification. 

A. The bullet, cartridge case, or shotshell casing was fired by the 
weapon. 

B. Ihe bullet, cartridge case, or shotshell casing was not fired by 
the weapon. 

C. There are not sufficient microscopic marks remaining on the bullet, 
cartridge case, or shotshell casing to determine if it was fired by the 
weapon or the condition of the weapon precludes the possibility of 
making an identification. 

TERMINOLOGY 

Caliber 


In general, caliber denotes the nominal bore diameter of a barrel 
measured in either hundredths of an inch (.01) or in millimeters (mm). 
This provides an initial grouping capability, such as referring to .22 
caliber or .30 caliber. 

Caliber Designations 

These designations expand from the basic caliber grouping in a variety 
of ways. Each one of these designations denotes a specific cartridge 
case size and configuration. While some cartridges will interchange, 
most are specific for a weapon of a particular cartridge designation. 
Among caliber designations are the following: 

A. Descriptive words: .38 Special, .41 Magnum, .380 Auto, 9mm Corto. 

B. Original powder charge: .30-40 Krag. 

C. Manufacturer's or designer's name: .30 Remington, 6mm Remington, 
.257 Roberts. 


49 




D. Velocity: .250-3000. 


E. Year of adoption: .30-06 Springfield. 

F. Millimeters and length of case: 8 x 57, 7 x 57. 

General Rifling Characteristics 

These vary from manufacturer to manufacturer and consist of: 

A. Number of lands and grooves. 

B. Their dimensions. 

C. Direction of twist of rifling. 

D. Caliber. 

TYPES OF EXAMINATIONS 
Bullets 


Marks on bullets can be produced by rifling in the barrel of the weapon 
or possibly in loading. 

A. Recovered evidence bullet: Determine manufacturer, specific 
caliber, type and make of weapon from which fired and whether sufficient 
marks are present for identification. (Make of weapon involved based on 
general rifling characteristics.) 

B. Bullet versus weapon: Determine also whether or not a bullet was 
fired from a particular weapon. 

C. Shot pellets, buckshot and slug load from victim or scene: Can 
identify size of shot and gauge of slug load. Shot not identifiable 
with a suspect shotgun. 

Fired Cartridge Case or Shotshell Casing 


Marks on a fired cartridge case or shotshell casing can be produced by 
breech face, firing pin, chamber, extractor and ejector. 

A. Fired cartridge case found at scene: Determine specific caliber, 
type and possibly make of weapon in which fired, and whether sufficient 
marks are present for identification. 


50 





B. Fired shotshell casing found at scene: Determine gauge, original 
factory loading and whether sufficient marks are present for 
identification. 

C. Wadding or shot from victim or scene: From wadding determine gauge 
and possibly manufacturer of wadding. From shot, determine size. Shot 
not identifiable with a suspect weapon. 

D. Fired cartridge case/shotshell casing versus weapon: Tb determine 
whether loaded into and/or fired in weapon. 

(1) Based on identifiable firing pin impression, breech face or 
chamber marks, can establish as fired in specific weapon. 

(2) Based on extractor or ejector marks, can only identify as 
having been loaded into and extracted from specific weapon. 

Unfired Cartridge or Shotshell 


(Note: See paragraph regarding "Shipping of Live Ammunition") 

Sometimes it is important to determine whether the unfired cartridge or 
shotshell was loaded into and extracted from a weapon based on the 
presence of extractor and/or ejector marks. The following can be 
determined: 

A. Cartridge: Specific caliber, type of weapon involved and whether 
sufficient marks for identification. 

B. Shotshell: Gauge and whether sufficient marks are present for 
identification. 

C. Cartridge/shotshell versus weapon: Determine if loaded into and 
extracted from a suspect weapon. Does not apply to revolvers. 

Gunshot Residues 


Gunshot residues may be located, depending on the muzzle-to-garment 
distance, by: 

A. Microscopic examination of the area surrounding the hole for 
gunpowder particles and gunpowder residues, smudging and singeing. 

B. Chemical processing of area surrounding hole to develop a graphic 
representation of powder residues and lead residues around hole. Test 
patterns obtained compared with those produced at various distances 
using suspect weapon and ammunition like that used in the case—from 
same source if possible. 


51 





Shot Pattern 


The distance at which a shotgun was fired can be determined. It is 
necessary to test fire the suspect weapon at various distances using the 
same type of ammunition as involved in the case being investigated. 

Fired shotshells from the suspect weapon can be submitted. (See 
paragraph regarding the shipment of live ammunition.) 

Trigger Pull 


The amount of pressure necessary to fire a weapon can be determined. 
Determination of Accidental Firing 


A weapon can be examined to determine if it can or cannot be fired 
accidentally. 

Identification of Gun Parts 


Gun parts found can be identified as to: 

A. Type of weapon from which it originated. 

B. Whether the part came from a suspect weapon. 

SUBMISSION OF EVIDENCE 

Clothing for Gunshot Residue Examination 

A. Protect each article of clothing at the time of removal and wrap 
each separately. 

B. Make certain all garments are air-dried in shade before submitting 
to the Laboratory. 

C. Advise as to the location of the shots in the victim's body. 

Live Ammunition 


Live ammunition cannot be sent through the U. S. Mail but can be shipped 
via other carriers such as United Parcel Service (UPS) or Federal 
Express. The following guidelines must be strictly followed in order to 
comply with Department of Transportation regulations: 


52 











A. Surface Shipments (UPS) - 


(1) Cardboard box with appropriate label and invoices marked 
"United Parcel Service." 

(2) UPS "Hazardous Materials" label. 

(3) Class C explosives label. 

B. Air Shipments (Federal Express) - 

(1) Cardboard box with appropriate label and invoices marked 
"Federal Express." 

(2) Shipper's certification for restricted articles. 

(3) Class C explosives label. 

(4) "Small Arms Ammunition" stamped on outside of box. 

Bullet and/or Gun 


These can be sent registered mail, U. S. Postal Service 
MARKING SPECIMENS FOR IDENTIFICATION 

A. Bullets: Oi the nose or base. Be alert to foreign materials or 
impressions on the nose, if these could be important to your case. 

B. Cartridge Cases and Shotshell Casing: Inside the mouth or side of 
case near mouth. 

C. Firearms: 

(1) Use common sense based on the circumstances. 

(2) Mark gun inconspicuously, such as within the trigger guard. 

(3) Marking can be script initials or other personal identifying 
mark. Do not use an "X". 

(4) Also string tag gun. Tag should list the caliber, make, model 
and serial number. Investigative notes should reflect how and 
where the gun is marked. 


53 





(5) Avoid defacing the weapon by indiscriminate markings. Mark it 
as if it were your own. 

OBTAINING TEST SPECIMENS 

Whenever possible, the weapon should be submitted to the Laboratory. If 
the weapon cannot be submitted, obtain test specimens of fired 
ammunition by firing either into water or cotton waste. 

STANDARD REFERENCE FILES 

The Standard Ammunition File (SAF) has been used constantly as a 
reference file in connection with current cases worked in the Firearms 
Unit. Comparisons are made of questioned specimens with domestic and 
foreign standards of manufacturers' samples in the file to determine the 
manufacture, caliber and bullet type of the questioned specimen. Ihere 
are presently over 10,000 specimens maintained in the SAF. New 
specimens from ammunition manufacturers in this country and abroad are 
being constantly added to the file to assure that it is kept up-to- 
date. 

Firearms Reference Collection 


This collection contains over 2000 handguns and 800 shoulder weapons and 
is used for such things as: 

A. Locating serial numbers. 

B. Replacing inoperable weapon parts. 

C. Identifying gun parts. 

Standard Ammunition File 


Reference Fired Specimen File 


This file contains test bullets and cartridge cases obtained from 
weapons which have been in the Laboratory. (Note: An "Unidentified 
Ammunition File," "Open Case File" or "Unsolved Crime File" consisting 
of bullets and cartridge cases recovered from crime scene in local 
police matters is no longer maintained by the Laboratory.) 

DISPOSITION OF WEAPONS 

Non-FBI Cases 


To insure proper disposal of a firearm(s) at the conclusion of your 
investigation, refer to your agency's regulations. 


54 








FBI Cases 


In accordance with Manual of Administrative Operations and Procedures, 
Part II, Section 2-4.4.4, firearms may be accepted for disposal by the 
FBI Laboratory, ONLY, if one of the following two procedures are 
followed: 

A. A Court Order signed by the presiding judge making disposition in 
the Bureau case, 

B. A written waiver of ownership signed by the individual who had 
custody and control of the firearm at the time of seizure. 

Hie Court Order should read as follows: 

"It is hereby ordered that a firearm, to wit, (described firearm 
being submitted) , seized in connection with the above-mentioned 
case be turned over to the Federal Bureau of Investigation for its 
use, destruction, or any other disposition in its descretion 
pursuant to the authority of Title 18 United States Code, Section 
3611." 

Hie following is an example of an approved waiver of ownership. 

"I, the undersigned, do hereby release all rights and title to the 
firearm described as: 

to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Laboratory for use in 
its Reference Firearms Collection. This release is made 
unconditionally with the understanding that if the FBI Laboratory 
has a similar firearm in its collection, or for any other reason 
does not desire to retain this firearm it may be destroyed." 

In the event any further questions arise, contact the Firearms Unit 
directly on Extension 4378. 

PRIMER RESIDUES 

Antimony and barium are components of most primer mixtures and these 
elements can be deposited on the back of the thumb, forefinger and 
connecting web area of the hand when a firearm is discharged. 


55 





In order to analyze for these elements it is necessary to remove the 
suspected residues from the pertinent portion of the hands. Ihe method 
most easily used in the field is the moistened cotton swab method. A 
cotton applicator-type swab on a plastic shaft is moistened with five 
percent nitric acid and a portion of the back of the thumb, forefinger 
and web area is swabbed. A second swab is used for the remaining 
pertinent area. Ihis procedure is repeated for the other hand. The 
swabs are then packaged in a sealable plastic container, labeled and 
submitted for analysis. 

It is recommended that approximately one minute be used for the swabbing 
procedure for each hand. This is the time elapsed from the moistening 
of the first swab to the placing of the second swab in the plastic 
container. 

The following information should be furnished to the Laboratory in the 
transmitted letter: 

A. Brief case resume. 

B. Date and time of shooting. 

C. Date and time hands were swabbed. 

D. Location of shooting i.e., indoors, outdoors 

E. Description of firearm i.e., caliber, type, manufacturer. 

F. Brand of ammunition used. 

G. Number of shots fired. 

H. Subject right or left handed. 

I. Treatment hands might have received prior to swabbing i.e., washed, 
fingerprinted. 

J. Occupation of subject. 

The following items should be submitted to the Laboratory: 

A. Swabs from the back of the right and left hands of each person. 

(2) Blank swabs consisting of two noistened swabs not used on the 
subject. 


56 


TOOLMARK IDENTIFICATION 


Tbolmark examinations include, but are not limited to, microscopic 
studies to determine if a given toolmark was produced by a specific 
tool. In a broader sense, they also include the identification of 
objects which forcibly contacted each other; were joined together under 
pressure for a period of time and then removed fran contact; and wsre 
originally a single item before being broken or cut apart. The 
inclusion of these latter areas results fran the general consideration 
that when twc objects cane in contact, the harder (the "tool") the 
softer the mark. (Saws, files and grinding wheels are generally not 
identifiable with marks they produce.) 

CONCLUSIONS 

A. That the tool produced the toolmark. 

B. That the tool did not produce the toolmark. 

C. That there are not sufficient individual characteristics remaining 
within the toolmark to determine if the tool did or did not produce the 
questioned toolmark. 

TYPES OF TOOLMARK EXAMINATIONS 

Toolmark with Tool 


Several comparisons can be made between a tool and a toolmark such as 
the: 


A. Examination of the tool for foreign deposits such as paint or metal 
for comparison with a marked object. 

B. Establishment of the presence or nonpresence of consistent class 
characteristics. 

C. Microscopic comparison of a marked object with several test marks 
or cuts made with the tool. 

Toolmark Without Tool 

Examination of the toolmark can determine: 

A. Type of tool used (class characteristics). 

B. Size of tool used (class characteristics). 


57 




C. Unusual features of tool (class or individual characteristics). 

D. Action employed by the tool in its operation, and/or 

E. Mcst importantly, if the toolmark is of value for identification 
purposes. 

Metal Fracture 


Fracture examinations are conducted to ascertain if a piece of metal 
from an item such as a bolt, automobile ornament, knife, screwdriver, 
etc., was or was not broken from a like damaged item available for 
comparison. This type of examination may be requested along with a 
metallurgy examination (see chapter on metallurgy). 

Marks in Wood 


This examination is conducted to ascertain whether or not the marks left 
in a wood specimen can be associated with the tool used to cut them, 
such as pruning shears, auger bits, etc. This examination may be 
requested along with a wood examination. 

Pressure/Contact 


Pressure or Contact examinations are conducted to ascertain whether or 
not any two objects were or were not in contact with each other either 
momentarily or for a more extended time. 

Surface Replica Plastic Impressions 

Surface replica plastic impressions of stamped numbers in metal, such as 
altered vehicle identification numbers, can be examined and compared 
with other as well as with suspect dies. 

OBTAINING EVIDENCE IN TOOLMARK CASES 

A. It is most desirable, if possible, to submit the actual toolmarked 
area for direct comparison. (Note: In number restoration cases, the 
Laboratory will routinely make a cast of the toolmark for a possible 
future comparison with marking stamps.) 

B. If it is possible to submit the original, prepare and submit a 
cast, preferably in plastic, of the mark. For instructions on how to 
prepare a plastic cast/impression see next page. 


58 






C. Photographs, although helpful in presenting an overall location of 
the mark, are of no value for identification purposes. 

D. ED not forget to obtain samples of paint, safe insulation, and any 
other material likely to appear as foreign deposits on tools. 

E. ED not place the tool against the toolmark for size evaluation. 
Plastic Cast/Impression 

The following instructions are for making a plastic cast/impress ion of 
stamped numbers in metal: 

A. All casts should be taken before any number restoration is 
attempted. (See "Items with Obliterated Identification Markings" in 
metallurgy chapter for further information on number restoration.) 

B. Casts should be taken using a suitable plastic surface replica 
kit. 


C. Ihe number one priority in taking a cast of stamped numbers is 
cleaning the number area of any foreign matter as the replica plastic 
will duplicate any foreign material left in the stamped characters. 

Thus, paint and dirt should be removed from the stamped area with a 
suitable solvent (acetone, gasoline or a commercial paint remover). A 
toothbrush could be used to help clean down to the bottom of the stamped 
area and in no instance should a wire brush be used to clean the area as 
this will scratch the numbers and make subsequent identification of the 
stamps impossible. If there is any rust in the stamped numbers, use of 
"NAVEL JELLY" is appropriate to remove the rust. 

D. Having cleaned the surface, a dam should be built around it to 
retain the liquid surface replica while hardening and cooling. The 
liquid and the powder of the replica kit are mixed for one minute in the 
aluminum pouch that contained the powder. Ihe dam material should be a 
soft pliable clay-like material such as caulking cord, "Play EDugh" or 
modeling clay. Prior to forming the dam, nylon filament tape should be 
placed at each end of the characters, partly within the dam area to 
facilitate the cast removal. All voids around the dam should be sealed 
to prevent leaking. Once the liquid has been poured and hardened lift 
up on the ends of the tape to lift out the cast. If the case has a lot 
of paint and rust, additional casts should be taken until the best 
possible cast has been obtained and this should be submitted to the 
Laboratory. 


59 


297-431 0 - 79-5 






E. At normal room temperatures (65° - 75°), the plastic replica takes 
about 1/2 hour to set up. If the surface of the cast is hard but still 
warm, it should not be removed until the cast is cool to the touch. At 
low temperature (50° and below) setting time can be up to 8 hours or 
more. In this instance, if possible, the vehicle or metal should be 
moved to a heated building. Further, the area can be heated by several 
methods such as heat lamp, infrared light bulb, hair dryer directed on 
the number area and then upon the cast, etc. The use of a torch to heat 
the area is not recommended. 

SUBMITTING TOOLMARK EVIDENCE TO LABORATORY 

A. Pack to preserve the evidence and prevent contamination. 

B. Properly identify each item to facilitate court presentation. 
Consider the possibility that the object from which the specimen was cut 
may be needed in court. 

C. Submit the tool rather than making test cuts or impressions in 
field. 

D. Mark ends of evidence which are or are not to be examined. 

REFERENCE FILES 

A. National Automobile Altered Numbers File : The FBI Laboratory is 
maintaining in the National Automobile Altered Numbers File selected 
specimens, including surface replica plastic impressions of altered 
vehicle identification numbers found on stolen cars, trucks and heavy 
equipment. The purpose of this file is to have a central repository for 
such specimens of altered numbers so that comparisons can readily be 
made at any time in an attempt to identify recovered stolen cars and 
possibly link such vehicles with commercialized theft rings nationwide 
or other cases investigated by the FBI. 

B. National Vehicle Identification Number Standard File (NVSF) : The 
FBI Laboratory maintains in the National Vehicle identification Number 
(VIN) Standards File (NVSF) standards of VIN plates from each factory of 
the major manufacturers of American automobiles. The purpose of this 
file is to enable the Laboratory to determine whether or not a submitted 
VIN plate is authentic. Additionally it gives the Laboratory the 
capability, in the event that bogus VIN plates are being prepared in an 
automobile factory, to identify not only which factory is involved, but 
also which machine is being used to produce the bogus VIN plates. Any 
suspect VIN plate encountered in investigations should be forwarded to 
the Laboratory for examination. 


60 




METALLURGY EXAMINATIONS 


Metals or metallic objects may be metallurgically examined for 
comparison purposes and/or informational purposes. 

EXAMINATIONS FOR COMPARISON PURPOSES 

Determinations to ascertain if two metals or two metallic objects came 
from the same source or from each other usually require evaluations 
based on surface characteristics, microstructural characteristics, 
mechanical properties and composition. 

A. Surface Characteristics - macroscopic and microscopic features 
exhibited by the metal surface including fractured areas, accidental 
marks or accidentally damaged areas, manufacturing defects, material 
defects, fabrication marks and fabrication finish. The fabrication 
finish reveals part of the mechanical and thermal histories of how the 
metal was formed; e.g., if it was cast, forged, hot-rolled, cold-rolled, 
extruded, drawn, swaged, milled, spun, pressed, etc. 

B. Microstructural Characteristics - the internal structural features 
of a metal as revealed by optical and electron microscopy. Structural 
features include the size and shape of grains; the size, shape and 
distribution of secondary phases, nonmetallic inclusions, and other 
heterogeneous conditions. The microstructure is related to the 
composition of the metal and to the thermal and mechanical treatments 
which the metal had undergone; it therefore contains information 
concerning the history of the metal. 

C. Mechanical Properties - describe the response of a metal to an 
applied force or load, e.g., strength, ductility, hardness. 

D. Composition - the chemical element make-up of the metal including 
major alloying elements and trace element constituents. Because most 
commercial metals and alloys are nonhomogeneous materials and may have 
substantial elemental variations, small metal samples or particles may 
not be compositionally representative of the bulk metal. 

EXAMINATIONS FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES 

Some of the kinds of information that can result from metallurgical 
examinations of metals or metallic objects in various physical 
conditions; 

A. Broken and/or mechanically damaged (deformed) metal pieces or 
parts. 

(1) Cause of the failure or damage-stress exceeding the strength 
or yield limit of the metal, material defect, manufacturing 
defect, corrosion cracking, excessive service usage (fatigue), 
etc. 


61 


(2) The magnitude of the force or load which caused the failure. 

(3) The possible means by which the force or load was transmitted 
to the metal and the direction in which it was transmitted. 

B. Burned, heated or melted metal. 

(1) Temperature to which the metal was exposed. 

(2) Nature of the heat source which damaged the metal. 

(3) Whether the metal was involved in an electrical short-circuit 
situation. 

C. Rusted or corroded metal. 

(1) Length of time the metal had been subjected to the environment 
which caused the rust or corrosion; requires that the 
investigator submit information concerning the environmental 
conditions surrounding the item when it was recovered. 

(2) Nature of the corrosive environment. 

D. Cut or severed metal. 

(1) Method by which the metal was severed - sawing, shearing, 
milling, turning, arc cutting, flame cutting (oxyacetylene 
torch or "burning bar"), etc. 

(2) Length of time to make the cut. 

(3) Relative skill of the individual who made the cut. 

E. Metal fragments. 

(1) Method by which the fragments were formed. 

(2) If fragments had been formed by high velocity forces, may 
possibly determine if an explosive had been detonated and the 
magnitude of the detonation veloctiy. 

(3) Possible identification of the item which was the source of 
the fragments. In bombings, timing mechanisms can often be 
identified as to type, manufacturer and model; determinations 
are sometimes possible as to the time displayed by the 
mechanism when the explosive detonated and as to the relative 
length of time the mechanism was functioning prior to the 
explosion. 


62 


F. Nonfunctioning watches, clocks, timers and other mechanisms. 

(1) Condition responsible for causing the mechanism to stop or 
malfunction 

(2) Whether the time displayed by a timing mechanism represents AM 
or PM (usually calendar-type timing mechanisms only). 

G. Items unidentified as to use or source. 

(1) Possible identification of use for which the item was 
designed, formed or manufactured, based on the construction of 
the item. 

(2) Possible identification of the manufacturer and of specific 
fabricating equipment utilized to form the item. 

(3) Identification of possible sources of the item if an unusual 
metal or alloy is involved. 

H. Lamp bulbs which were subjected to an impact force(s) or from 

vehicles involved in an accident. 

(1) Whether the lights of a vehicle were incandescent at the time 
of the accident; both broken and unbroken lamp bulbs may 
exhibit the characteristics which are necessary for the 
determination. 

I. Objects with questioned internal components. 

(1) X-ray radiography can nondestructively reveal the interior 

construction and the presence or absence of defects, cavities 
or foreign material. 

J. Items with obliterated identification markings. 

(1) Obliterated identification markings are often restorable, 
including markings obliterated by melting of the metal 
(welding, "puddling"). Obliterated markings can also be 
restored on materials other than metal. Because different 
metals and alloys often require specific methods for 
restoration of obliterated markings, the Laboratory should be 
contacted for number restoration procedures for field 
processing of items too large or heavy for submission to the 
Laboratory. 


63 


INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS EXAMINATIONS 


These examinations entail the use of instrumentation such as infrared 
spectroscopy, X-ray diffractrometry, emission spectrometry, etc., for 
identification or comparison of the compositions of paints, plastics, 
explosives and dyes. 

PAINTS, PLASTICS, AND DYES 

Automobile Paints 


It is possible to establish the year and make of an automobile from a 
paint chip by use of the National Automotive Paint File which contains 
paint panels representing paints used on all makes of Anerican cars, 
light trucks, and vans as well as European cars such as Mercedes, VW, 
Porsche and Audi. A very careful search of the accident or crime scene 
should be made to locate small chips because: 

A. Paint fragments are often found in the clothing of a hit-and-run 
victim. 

B. Paints may be transferred from one car to another, from car to 
object, or from object to car during an accident or the commission of a 
crime. 

Nonautomobile Paints 


Paint cxi safes, vaults, window sills, door frames, etc., may be 
transferred to the tools used to open them. Therefore, a comparison can 
be made between the paint on an object and the paint on a tool. 

Dyes 


A. Dyes encountered in bank dummy money packets or security devices 
can be compared with known standards in the Laboratory. 

B. Dyes in questioned and known samples of lipstick, cosmetics, cloth, 
shoe polish, and many other miscellaneous materials can be compared with 
each other but they cannot be associated with a specific source or 
manufacturer. 

Plastics/Polymers 

It is not possible to specifically identify the source, use, or 
manufacturer of plastic items from composition alone but comparisons 
such as the following can be made: 


64 






A. Trim from automobiles, depending upon the uniqueness of the 
composition, is compared with plastic remaining on the victim or 
property struck in a hit-and-run. 

B. Plastics comprising insulation on wire used in bombings or other 
crimes are compared with known or suspected sources of insulated wire. 

C. Plastic/rubber tapes from crime scenes are compared with suspected 
sources. 

D. Polymers used in surgical cloth backed tape are compared with 
suspected sources. 

E. Miscellaneous plastic material from crime scenes is compared with 
possible sources. 

General Notes to Investigators 


A. If paint samples are to be obtained from any painted surface, chip 
the paint off the surface rather than scrape it off. When paint is 
chipped off a surface, its layer structure is intact. Each layer is a 
point of identification. It is better to have eleven layers of paint on 
a questioned and known specimen and only the top layer in the known 
specimen. 

B. Be careful in the packing and marking of small paint chips and 
other small particles of evidence. 

(1) Do not stick small paint particles on Scotch tape — remember 
these small particles have to be removed from the container, 
cleaned and packed in a small electrode. 

(2) Do not put small particles in cotton. It is difficult to 
remove the particles from the cotton. 

(3) Do not send in envelope, unless protected in paper using 
druggist fold. 

FLUORESCENT POWDERS, DYESTUFFS, AND OTHER MARKING MATERIALS 
Purpose 


Marking materials are used to prepare an object, be it a decoy package, 
cash box, money , etc., in order that a detectable trace will be left on 
a person or the property of a person who handled the object. 


65 





Selection Factors 


A. The choice of dye, powder, or chemical depends on factors inherent 
with each situation. 

B. The material used can be a dry powder, liquid, or grease and be 
available in many visible and fluorescent colors. 

C. Fluorescent materials require a source of ultraviolet light to 
examine the subject's hands or clothing. 

D. Dyes and chemicals require no supplemental equipment. 

E. Dd not use a dye, such as methyl violet, since it finds common 
usage in carbon papers, indelible pencils, etc.; such materials may 
provide an alibi. 

Dyestuffs (Malachite Green and Methylene Blue) 


A. These dyes have a disadvantage in that they become visible to the 
subject after contact with normal perspiration. 

B. They can be easily procured from drugstores, chemical supply houses 
or commercial and school laboratories. 

C. They must be finely ground or powdered. 

D. They are water soluble and can be washed off. 

Chemical Dusting powder (Silver Nitrate) 


A. Has the disadvantage of becoming visible to subject. 

B. Has the disadvantage of not being immediately visible until exposed 
to the light for several minutes. 

C. Can be procured from drugstores, chemical supply houses or 
commercial and school laboratories. 

D. Must be finely ground or powdered. 

E. Produces in the presence of ordinary light a brown stain which 
cannot be removed without injury/damage to the skin. The stain will 
wear away or disappear after a few weeks. 


66 





Combination of Dyestuffs and Silver Nitrate 


It is frequently advisable to use a mixture such as a 50-50 mixture of 
powdered malachite green and silver nitrate. Malachite green will be 
immediately visible but can be subsequently washed off. Silver nitrate 
which may not be immediately visible cannot be removed. 

Fluorescent Materials 


A. Has the advantage of not being visible to the subject. 

B. Has the capability of being subsequently identifed as the same 
powder used, by analysis of deposits on clothing, etc. 

C. Has the disadvantage of requiring a source of ultraviolet light. 

D. Phosphorescent materials are different from fluorescent powders and 
must not be used since these may be detected by the subject even without 
an ultraviolet source. 

E. Must be applied in a finely ground or powdered form. 

F. Choice of form depends on object to be marked, for example: 

(1) Contact areas of tools can be coated with a grease, such as 
vaseline, mixed with a fluorescent powder without creating 
suspicion. Richer deposits are transferred when a grease film 
is used. 

(2) Normally dry surfaces, such as gloves, noney, doorknobs, 
steering wheels, etc., would arouse suspicion if coated with a 
grease. After coating an appropriate surface with grease, the 
remainder of object and/or container may be dusted with dry 
powder. 

(3) Time, amount of light, and other factors may limit application 
to dusting since the dusting procedure is rapid and does not 
require meticulous attention. 

(4) Liquid fluorescent materials normally used as a writing 
medium. Care must be taken to prevent liquid marks or 
discolorations on paper or surface treated. 

G. Availability of fluorescent chemicals: Commercially produced 
marking materials are available through police supply houses. 


67 




H. Procedures for application: 


(1) In applying grease, use bare fingers and rub over the surfaces 
of the items to be marked so as to leave a thin film. Avoid 
large "globs" of grease. 

(2) In applying powder form, numerous methods are commonly used, 
such as shaking powder over items, dusting with a powder puff 
or pad of cheesecloth, or brushing over the surfaces in a 
manner similar to that used to dust with fingerprint powder. 

(3) Liquids can be applied with a clean pen, small paint brush, or 
spray-type dispenser. 


68 


EXPLOSIVE EXAMINATIONS 


Explosives should be handled only by qualified personnel. Explosive 
devices or bombs should be handled only by qualified bomb disposal 
personnel. 

A. Types of explosions: 

(1) Mechanical - illustrated by the gradual buildup of pressure in 
a steam boiler or pressure cooker. If the boiler or pressure 
cooker is not equipped with some type of safety valve, the 
mounting steam pressure will eventually reach a point when it 
will overcome the structural resistance of its container and 
an explosion will occur. 

(2) Atomic - may be induced by either fission (the splitting of 
the nucleus of atoms) or fusion (the joining together under 
great force of the nuclei of atoms). 

(3) Chemical - the rapid conversion of a solid or liquid explosive 
compound into gases having a much greater volume than the 
substances from which they are generated. The entire 
conversion process takes only a fraction of a second and is 
accompanied by shock, heat and loud noise. All explosives 
manufactured by man are chemical explosives with the exception 
of atomic explosives. Chemical explosions are the type of 
most importance to law enforcement. 

B. Classification of explosives: 

(1) Low explosives - rate of change to gaseous state is relatively 
slow - deflagration reaction. Included would be: a. Black 
powder 

b. Smokeless powder 

(2) High explosives - rate of change to gaseous state is 
extremely rapid - detonation reaction. Included would be: 

a. Commercial dynamites 

b. Military explosives such as TNT or C4 

SHIPPING EXPLOSIVES 

Explosives are classified as hazardous material. Therefore, special 
packaging is required and the amount which can be sent in each shipment 
is regulated. 


69 





The Explosives Unit of the FBI Laboratory should be contacted for 
shipping and packaging instructions each and every time an explosive is 
to be shipped to the FBI Laboratory for examination. The shipping 
instructions furnished must be strictly adhered to, because the improper 
packaging and shipment of an explosive is a serious matter affecting 
safety. 

FORENSIC EXAMINATIONS 

The Explosives Unit conducts physical examinations to identify 
explosives and blasting accessories such as blasting caps, safety fuse, 
detonating cord, etc.; identifies bomb components such as switches, 
batteries, wires and timing mechanisms; assists in the obtaining of 
explosive examinations by instrumental analysis; and reconstructs the 
bomb, if possible. 

Explosive Examinations (Instrumental Analysis) 


Instrumental analysis of materials in explosive cases is conducted to 
aid the Explosives Unit when determining if: 

A. Unknown substances are high explosive, low explosive, or 
incendiary. 

B. Confiscated or unknown explosives are by compositional analysis, 
consistent with known explosive products. 


C. By the examination of residues from a bombing, the explosive(s) 
used can be determined. It should be noted that most residues remaining 
after the initiation of an explosive are water soluble. Therefore, 
these residues must be protected against exposure to excessive moisture. 
Also, other residues evaporate quickly necessitating the immediate 
sealing of collected debris in airtight plastic bags. 

Explosive Reference Files 


The Explosives Unit maintains extensive reference files on commercial 
and military explosives and improvised explosive devices or homemade 
bombs. These files contain technical data plus known standards of 
explosive items and bomb components. 


70 





DOCUMENT EXAMINATIONS 


Document examination consists for the most part of a side by side 
conparison of handwriting, typewriting, and other written and printed 
matter to establish an identification. Besides submitting documents for 
document examinations, consideration should always be given to 
submitting them for latent fingerprint examinations. These latent 
fingerprint examinations will be conducted after the original document 
has been photographed and the requested document examinations have been 
conducted. 

CONCLUSIONS 

Conclusions are positive and reliable when the examinations are 
conducted by competent experts. (Note: Age, sex, character, etc., 
cannot be determined with certainty in handwriting.) 

In seme document examinations, a "no conclusion" is reached as opposed 
to an "identical" or "not identical" conclusion. Sane of the reasons 
for a "no conclusion" are: 

A. Limited questioned material. 

B. Inadequate known material. 

C. Lack of contemporaneous standards (long interval of time exists 
between the preparation of the questioned and known material). 

D. Disguise (definite conclusion often impossible). 

E. Lack of sufficiently identifying characteristics (although ample 
quantities of both questioned and known samples are available). 

DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE 

All efforts must be made to maintain and preserve documentary evidence 
in the same condition as it was received. This evidence must not be 
folded, torn, tampered with, marked or touched unnecessarily, stamped, 
soiled, subjected to indented writing, mutilated, etc. Each item of 
evidence should be placed in a separate envelope/container. The legal 
"chain of custody" must be maintained at all times and all evidence must 
be stored in the designated areas within each office. 


71 


Marking for Identification 


Unless legal aspects or good judgment dictate otherwise, all articles 
seized as evidence should be carefully marked for identification. These 
markings should be of such a character as not to injure the evidence 
itself. They should be made in such a manner as to preclude the 
possibility of the marks being obliterated. Their character should be 
such as to make it possible for the person or persons who obtained the 
evidence to testify at a later date that this particular article was 
found at a certain place at a certain time. Each mark should be 
distinctive; therefore, an "X" should never be used. If the evidence 
is not marked, it should be placed either in a clear plastic envelope 
along with a slip of paper showing initials, date, and other pertinent 
data or in another suitable envelope/container identified on the outside 
with the date, initials, and other pertinent data. 

Original vs. Photocopy 


The original evidence rather than a photocopy (photograph or copy made 
from a photocopier machine) should be submitted because many types of 
examinations, such as most types of forgeries, certain kinds of 
typewriting, and checkwriter or notary seal impressions, etc., can be 
made only on the original. Also, the original is utilized by the 
examiner to prepare court exhibits. Some examinatons, however, can be 
made using good quality photographs of the original evidence. A 
photocopy is normally satisfactory for file searches. In no case should 
the inability to forward the original evidence constitute a valid reason 
for not requesting an examination. 

Obtaining Known Handwriting Samples 


The following guidelines are to be used to obtain known handwriting 
and/or hand printing samples from a person (writer). 

A. Reproduce the original conditions as nearly as possible as to text, 
speed, slant, size of paper, size of writing, type of writing 
instrument, etc. 

B. Obtain samples from dictation until it is believed normal writing 
has been produced (the number of samples necessary cannot be determined 
in advance). 

C. Do not allow the writer to see either the original document in 
question or a photograph thereof. 

D. Remove each sample from the sight of the writer as soon as it is 
completed. 


72 





E. Do not give instructions in spelling, punctuation or arrangement. 

F. Use the same writing media, such as type and size of paper, writing 
instruments, printed forms such as checks or notes. 

G. Obtain the full text of the questioned writing in word-for-word 
order at least once, if possible. Signatures and less extensive writing 
should be prepared several times, each time on a different piece of 
paper. In hand printing cases, both upper case (capital) and lower case 
(small) samples should be obtained. 

H. In forgery cases the Laboratory should also be furnished with 
genuine signatures of the person whose name is forged. 

I. Obtain samples with both the right and left hands. 

J. Obtain samples written rapidly, slowly, and at varied slants. 

K. Obtain samples of supplementary writings such as sketches, 
drawings, manner of addressing an envelope, etc. 

L. Writer should intial and date each page. 

M. Witness each sample with date and initials (or name). 

N. Include a statement written by the writer indicating the samples 
are being given voluntarily by hinv/her. 

O. If readily available, samples of undictated writing should be 
obtained, such as application for employment, social or business 
correspondence, school papers, etc. 

Obtaining Known Typewriting Samples 


Ihe following guidelines are to be used to obtain known typewriting 
samples. 

A. Obtain a full word-for-word text of the message in question using 
as nearly as possible the same degree of touch as used in the questioned 
text. 

B. Obtain samples of the complete keyboard (all letters, numerals and 
symbols). 


73 



C. Obtain pertinent identifying data regarding the typewriter (make, 
model, serial number, etc.) and type this data as well as information 
such as the date sample was obtained, name of person taking the sample, 
where the typewriter was located, etc., on the sample. 

D. Obtain data, if available, regarding when the machine was last 
serviced or repared. 

E. Properly witness each sample (initial and date on reverse side). 

F. If the typewriter is equipped with a paper type ("one-time") 
ribbon, remove the used portion and submit it to the Laboratory whenever 
available. 

G. If new cloth ribbon is used in the typewriter, consider removing it 
and submitting it to the Laboratory. 

H. If the typewriter used a cloth ribbon also obtain a stencil sample 
as follows: 

(1) Physically remove the cloth ribbon from the typewriter 

or mechanically remove it by placing the ribbon mechanism in 
the stencil position. 

(2) Place a piece of carbon paper over a piece of ordinary paper 
and insert both in the typewriter. 

(3) Begin typing and allow the faces of the type to strike the 
carbon paper directly, and 

(4) Submit the stencil sample, which is the typed text on the 
ordinary paper, to the Laboratory. (A stencil sample gives 
very clear impressions of the typefaces.) 

I. If the typewriter contains no ribbon and one is not readily 
available, obtain a stencil sample by following steps (2) through (4) 
above. 

REQUESTING EXAMINATIONS 

When a document examination is desired, follow the instructions in, 
Request for Examination of Evidence, in the chapter on collection and 
preservation of physical evidence and include in the requesting 
communication the following: 


74 


A. Which of the submitted items are the questioned and the known 
specimens. 

B. Which questioned items are to be forwarded for latent fingerprint 
processing. 

C. Personal characteristics of the writer, such as any nervousness, 
handicap, illness, injury, etc., or any efforts by the writer to distort 
or diguise his/her writing. 

TYPES OF DOCUMENT EXAMINATIONS 

A. Handwriting (script). 

B. Hand printing or hand lettering. 

C. Forgeries. 

(1) If a traced forgery, try to locate the pattern or master 
signature frcm which traced. 

(2) Simulated or copied forgeries, include samples of genuine 
signatures to determine the extent of simulation. 

(3) If a freehand forgery, the forger has no knowledge of how the 
genuine signature looks. 

D. Typewriting. 

(1) New machines are usually difficult to identify with questioned 
material. 

(2) An examination of questioned typewriting can assist in 
determining a possible make and model of typewriter used to 
prepare that material. 

(3) Questioned and known typewriting specimens of the same size 
and style of type cannot be identified unless individual 
defects or wear characteristics are exhibited in the samples. 

E. Paper. 

(1) Definite identification is seldom possible. 


75 


297-431 0 - 79-6 


(2) Consideration should be given to indented writing, watermarks, 
tool or knife marks along the edges, whether the paper was 
torn in a manner to leave stubs in a tablet, and whether torn 
edges are suitable for comparison with torn edges on a source 
item. 

F. Writing instruments (pencils, pens, crayons, bail-point pens). 

G. Checkwriters. 

(1) Examination of checkwriter impressions assists in determining 
the manufacturer of the machine used to produce the 
impressions. 

(2) Positive identification of questioned with known samples is 
difficult because the construction of checkwriting machines 
inhibits the development of unique identifying defects and 
wear characteristics. 

H. Printing and other duplication processes. 

I. Indented writing. 

(1) Photographic and lighting techniques are used to determine the 
context of indented notations. 

(2) The document should not be folded or creased. 

(3) Care should be taken to insure accidental indented writings 
are not made in a document after its collection as evidence. 

J. Obliterated or eradicated writing. 

(1) Nondestructive methods include photography, using ultraviolet 
and infrared techniques, and miroscopic examination. 

(2) Staining methods may produce minor stains. The Laboratory 
should be advised whether minor staining may be applied. 

K. Used carbon paper. 

(1) Carbon paper should not be folded or creased. 


76 


(2) Examination may disclose the context of handwritten or 
typewritten material pertinent to an investigation. 

K. Burned or charred paper. 

(1) Questioned entries on charred or burned paper may be disclosed 
with appropriate examination. 

(2) The material should be shipped between layers of cotton in a 
strong container. 

L. True age of a document. 

(1) May be based on watermarks, letterhead or other printing, and 
typewriting. 

(2) Determination of exact dating is difficult. 

REFERENCE FILES OF KNOWN STANDARDS 

A. Typewriter Standards. 

(1) Consists of original samples of typewriting from numerous 
styles of type made in this country and many styles of type 
made in foreign countries. 

(2) Permits classification of questioned typewriting on the basis 
of make and model. 

B. Watermark Standards. 

(1) An index of watermarks and brands used by paper 
manufacturers. 

(2) Aids in tracing source or origin of paper. 

C. Safety Paper Standards. 

(1) Original samples of safety paper used for checks. 

(2) Aids in determining manufacturer. 

D. Checkwriter Standards. 

(1) Collection of original checkwriter impressions. 

(2) Permits classification of questioned checkwriter impressions 
as to make and model. 


77 


E. Shoe Print and Tire Tread Standards. 

(1) Collection of sole and heel designs, tire tread designs and 
wheel base measurements. 

(2) Permits identification of manufacturer of shoe, heel, soles 
and tires. Wheel base measurements enable elimination of 
suspect vehicles. 

F. Obscene File. 

(1) Collection of obscene material submitted to the Laboratory. 

(2) Aids in determining information which may indicate that 
questioned obscene material has moved in interstate commerce. 

G. Office Copier Standards. 

(1) Collection of standards taken from photocopy and office 
duplicator machines. 

(2) Aids in determining the possible manufacturer of office 
copying machine utilized to prepare questioned material. 

FILES OF QUESTIONED MATERIAL 

A. National Fraudulent Check File. 

(1) Contains samples of checks, writings, and other documentary 
material used by impersonators and other persons involved in 
fraudulent check schemes. 

(2) Assists in identifying individuals involved in fraudulent 
check schemes and associates questioned material in various 
cases as having originated from a common source. 

(3) A search through the file will be made even though the 
questioned material was previously searched through a check 
file maintained by a state or local agency, or technically 
examined by another agency. 

B. Anonymous Letter File. 

(1) Consists of photographic copies of kidnap notes, extortion and 
threatening letters. 


78 


(2) Assists in identifying the source of such questioned material 
and associates questioned material in various cases as having 
originated from a common source. 

(3) Letters of abusive or "crank" nature are neither searched nor 
added to the file, unless mitigating circumstances so 
warrant. 

(4) Letters determined to be of no prosecutive value are not to be 
submitted to the Laboratory, unless mitigating circumstances 
so warrant. 

C. Bank Robbery Note File. 

(1) Consists of photographic copies of writings of known bank 
robbers, of holdup notes found in the possession of known 
suspects and of notes used in actual holdups, or attempted 
holdups, of banks and other establishments. 

(2) Assists in identifying questioned notes with known writers and 
associates questioned notes in various robbery cases as having 
originated from a common source. 

(3) Notes and miscellaneous questioned writings found on counters 
and wastebaskets in banks which are obviously the work of 
mischief or prank will not be searched, and will not be added 
unless mitigating circumstances so warrant. 


79 


PHOTOGRAPHIC EXMINATIONS 


Forensic Photography 

Different, specialized techniques such as infrared, ultraviolet, and 
monochromatic photography can be utilized to assist in rendering visible 
latent photographic evidence which is not otherwise visible to the 
unaided human eye. Examples of this type of evidence includes 
alterations and obliterations to documents, invisible laundry marks, 
indented writing, et cetera. 

Bank Robbery Film 


The Laboratory can examine this film to: 

A. Attempt enhancement of poor quality photographic exposures and/or 
prints. 

B. Compare in detail the unknown subject's clothing as depicted in the 
film with the clothing obtained from a suspect. 

C. Determine the individuals height as depicted in the film. Height 
is determined preferably from a height chart but it can also be done 
mathematically. Often height can be determined to within an inch. 

D. Compare facial features of the unknown subject in the film with 
those in the photograph of a suspect. 

Copyright Matters 

Ihe Laboratory can conduct examinations in this area to determine: 

A. Whether a questioned film is a stolen legitimate print or an 
illegal duplicate. 

B. Whether the image and sound track of the known and questioned films 
originated from common source material. 

C. Other basic information such as type of film stock, date of 
manufacture, type of sound track, image format, etc. 

Miscellaneous Photographic Examinations 


Various other types of photographic examinations can be conducted such 
as: 

A. Comparison of film or prints to determine if they were taken by a 
specific camera. 


80 






B. Determining the type and date of Polaroid film as well as preparing 
a print from the "throw away" portion. 

C. Examination of photographs in security matters. 


81 


SHOE PRINT AND TIRE TREAD EXAMINATIONS 


How to Collect Physical Evidence 


Shoe print and tire tread evidence found at the scene of a crime may 
provide important evidence for investigation and eventual prosecution of 
a case. Where applicable, casts should always be made of the 
impressions. Ihe original impression is most valuable and should be 
retained and preserved whenever possible and practical such as when the 
impression is on glass, paper, or some other surface. 

Photographing the Evidence 


Photographs should supplement casts and lifts. 

A. Photograph the crime scene showing the positions of individual 
items of evidence. 

B. Photograph shoe prints and tire tread impressions prior to lifting 
or casting. 

(1) Use camera on a tripod. Polaroid photographs are not 
recommended. 

(2) Place a ruler and identification label beside the impression. 

(3) Set the camera directly over the impression and focus so the 
impression fills the negative. 

(4) Expose while holding light source (flash gun) to one side and 
low. 

(5) Take second photograph with light rotated through 90° 
horizontally. 

Impressions in Surfaces 

Casts should always be made where possible. Many different substances 
can be used for casting purposes such as silicone rubber products, 
commercial products such as Castone, and flowers of sulphur for snow. 
Plaster of Paris is usually recommended as it is relatively inexpensive 
and usually more readily available. A cast produces a positive 
impression of the size and design of the shoe or tire that made the 
impression. Cast all available shoe impressions and the entire 
circumferences of all tires (in sections), if practical. Casts destroy 
the questioned impressions when they are removed and care should be 
taken to insure perfect reproductions. Therefore, if the caster is 
inexperienced, it is suggested that practice be conducted on an 
impression made by the caster prior to working with the evidence 
impressions. 


82 





A. Materials needed: 

(1) Good grade of plaster (plaster without fiber content) or other 
casting material with which the investigator is familar. 

(2) Container for mixing. 

(3) Water for plaster casts. 

(4) Sticks, twigs or wire mesh (hardware cloth) for re-enforcement 

of plaster casts. 

(5) Paddel for stirring. 

(6) Strips of wood or metal to build the form around the 
impression. 

(7) Spray gun, plastic spray or something similar may be needed 
for problem impressions such as those in loose dirt or sand. 

(8) Flowers of sulphur can be used for impressions in snow. These 
casts are brittle and should be "backed" with a stronger 
material such as Plaster of Paris. Heat the crystals in a 
double boiler to liquid form, let cool until a film appears on 
the surface, and pour gently into impression. 

B. Preparation of the impression: 

(1) Clean out loose material carefully and do not disturb the 
impression. 

(2) Plastic spray or hair spray may be used to fix problem 
impressions such as those in sand or loose dirt. Use of the 
spray should be limited to those with proper experience. 
Improperly used, sprays may cause loss in the detail necessary 
for minute comparison purposes. Some success has been noted 
with the use of fine water spray in connection with sand 
impressions. 

(3) Build forms around the impressions to confine the plaster and 
improve appearance of the casts. 

C. Preparation of Plaster of Paris mixture: 

(1) Start with approximately enough water to fill the impression. 


83 



(2) Sprinkle plaster into the water; stir continually until the 
mixture is about the consistency of thin pancake batter. 

(3) Immediately pour the plaster gently into the impression to 
avoid "washing away" the impression. Pouring the mixture down 
the side of the stirring paddel and into the impression is 
recommended. Do not break the flow until the entire surface 
is covered to a depth of approximately 1/2 inch thick. 

(4) Place re-enforcements in after pouring the plaster 
approximately 1/2 inch thick. 

(5) Renew pouring until the cast is 1 to 1 1/2 inches thick. 

(6) Scratch date, initials and other pertinent information into 
the back of the cast while it is still relatively soft. 

(7) Remove only loose material from the face of the cast when 
lifted. Improper cleaning before the cast cures can damage 
the detail of the surface impression. 

(8) The cast is very fragile and must be handled carfully, 
especially for mailing. Do not place the casts in plastic 
bags . Dry the casts thoroughly before shipping. Newspapers 
are suitable for wrapping casts. 

(9) If casts are sent through the mail, wrap in a manner to avoid 
breakage during shipment. 

Impressions on Firm Surfaces 


Floors, broken glass, desk tops, chairs, paper, etc., often bear dust 
impressions of shoe prints or tires-treads. When evidence such as this 
is suspected the following should be done. 

A. Search the suspect areas with a flashlight and darken the area if 
possible. Direct the beam of light parallel to the suspect surfaces. 

B Photographs should be made. Hold the light source as close to the 
floor as possible for a side lighting effect. 

C. Retain the original evidence, if possible, to send to Laboratory. 
Protect the impressions so they will not rub off in handling. 

D. Lift the impression if the original evidence cannot be retained. 


84 





(1) Use large pieces of fingerprint lifting tape and lift the 
print. Do not dust or otherwise treat the impression . Start 
the tape at one edge and roll over the impression attempting 
to keep out air bubbles. 

(2) Photographic film-gelatin on film when moistened forms an 
excellent surface for lifting impressions. Clear film is made 
by fixing and washing. Black film is made by exposing, 
developing, fixing and washing. The film should be placed in 
water, wiped off and dried until tacky. The tacky film should 
be applied to the impression with a squeegee (scraper or 
roller) from one edge using care to avoid air bubbles. 

(3) Protect the lifted impressions so they will not be destroyed 
or "erased" during handling or shipping. 

Laboratory Examinations 


A. Reference files are maintained for the determination of a possible 
manufacturer of a shoe or tire that made a particular questioned 
impression. 

(1) Shoe Print File: Contains photographs of designs used in 
soles and heels made by major manufacturers in U. S. 

(2) Tire Tread File: Contains blueprints, drawing or photographs 
of tire tread patterns furnished by tire manufacturers. 

B. Comparisons are made between the cast, photograph, and/or lift made 
from a questioned impression with a known tire or shoe. A positive 
identification depends on the detail reproduced from the original 
impression and the presence of sufficient identifying characteristics as 
a result of wear. 


85 




GAMBLING EXAMINATIONS 


TYPES OF SPECIALIZED ASSISTANCE AND EXAMINATIONS AVAILABLE 
Bookmaking 

Analysis and interpretation of individual handwritten and printed 
systems of recording wagering on sports events; policy and numbers 
betting based on horse and dog racing, stock market data, drawn numbers, 
etc. Testimony concerning manner of conducting such gambling operations 
and terminology. 

Gaming Equipment of Clubs, Casinos, and Carnivals 

Determining whether playing cards, dice, slot machines, roulette wheels 
and a wide variety of carnival games, including related electronic 
devices, are deceptively marked and/or altered to permit cheating and 
increased percentages. Testimony concerning manner of conducting such 
games. 

Lotteries, etc . 

Evidence of this nature wculd include lottery tickets, sports parlay 
cards, sweepstakes, tip tickets and boards, punch-boards, and machine 
tickets. If the printing plates or numbering dies are located, it may 
be possible to prove that evidence collected was printed by the 
particular plate or die. 

Loan Sharking (Shylocking) Records 

Analysis of accounting type notations to determine amount of outstanding 
loans, amounts paid in accrued interest and principal, total number of 
loans, and true annual rate of interest canputed by the actuarial 
method. 

Water-Soluble and Flash Paper 

Determining the nature of specialized paper encountered in gambling 
operations. Because flash paper is considered to be a "hazardous 
material" the following should be noted: 

A. If flash paper must be stored, extreme caution should be exercised. 
Avoid storage near any other ccmbustible material. After it is 
obtained, it should, as soon as possible, be sealed in polyethylene 
envelopes and placed in a refrigerator. 

B. Before forwarding any flash paper for examination, telephonically 
contact the Laboratory, Technical Evaluation Unit, for shipping 
instructions. 


86 








TYPES OF GAMBLING EVIDENCE 


A. Sports wagering slips. 

B. Numbers wagering slips. 

C. Summaries of wagering slips or tallies including adding machine 
adding tapes used to calculate wagering or to summarize writers' 
accounts. Charting of wagers, systematically done to determine volume 
of wagering on various events. 

D. Accounting and financial records or "bottom sheets" showing 
numerous accounts (sometimes encoded), amounts and/or commissions paid 
to writers. 

E. Related paraphernalia - sports schedules or lines sheets, sports 
records materials, dream books, cut cards, parlay manuals, conversion 
charts, scratch sheets, racing forms, etc. 

F. Semi-destroyed material such as charred, shredded, tom or wet 
water-soluble paper. 

G. Transcripts of pertinent legally obtained telephone conversations. 

H. Cards, dice, carnival paraphernalia such as "razzle dazzle" charts 
and similar types of gambling material. 

I. Other devices or evidence, when pertinent, such as "cheese boxes", 
clandestine signaling devices, etc. 


87 


CRYPTANALYSIS EXAMINATIONS 


Because of the unique nature and wide scope of these examinations and of 
the material which may be available for examination, it may be 
appropriate to telephonically contact the Technical Evaluation Unit of 
the FBI Laboratory to resolve any questions that might arise. 

TYPES OF EXAMINATIONS 

Cryptographic 

A. Cryptograms or codes. 

B. Notes or notebooks containing cryptic notations. 

C. Material containing unreadable or indecipherable writing. 

D. Material containing symbols or unusual literal or numerical 
orientation such as "I Ching." 

E. Correspondence or documents which might contain hidden 
intelligence, such as: 

(1) Marked letters or numbers. 

(2) Double meaning, wherein certain words and/or phrases are given 
arbitrary meanings by the writer. 

(3) Concealment ciphers, where letters or words are significant 
according to their positions in the document. 

Mathematical 


A. Problems of a probability nature, that is, to determine the 
liklihood that an event will occur (or will have occurred) given a 
certain set of circumstances. 

B. Analysis of computer or calculator printouts or of charts, such as 
tachographs, etc. 

C. General mathematical analysis. 


88 






Authorship Identification 

These examinations are normally done for investigative purposes and not 
for testimony. 

A. Aural material. 

(1) Determination of accents for geographical background. 

(2) Determination of possible ethnic, age and educational 
backgrounds. 

(3) Comparison with other material to determine common 
authorship. 

B. Written or printed material. 

(1) Determination of geographical, ethnic, age or educational 
idiosyncrasie s. 

(2) Comparison with other material to determine common 
authorship. 

MATERIAL TO BE FURNISHED TO THE LABORATORY 
Cryptographic or Mathematical 

A. Any wark papers available. 

B. Identity of foreign languages that might be involved. 

C. Information as to what the intent of the document might be. 

D. Complete background information on the case. 

E. Special training a subject may have had. 

F. Books, code books, cipher machines, pads, tables, etc., in the 
subject's possession. 

Authorship Identification 

A. Background of possible subjects. 

B. Complete background on the case. 


89 





c. In written material, either the original or 
be furnished. 






















































RADIATION HAZARDS 


INTRODUCTION 

Radioactive materials are becoming common items due to the growth of the 
nuclear power industry. Accidents, deaths and injuries resulting from 
the handling and transportation of such materials have been few. The 
probability of a serious accident or an incident requiring police action 
will, hopefully, remain small. Since the hazard is invisible, prudence 
dictates that a basic knowledge of radiation will insure intelligent 
action. 

TERMINOLOGY 

Atoms 


Atoms are small particles of matter which have the characteristics of an 
element. For example, gold and silver are both elements and the 
smallest particle of gold or silver which can be identified as gold or 
silver is an atom of gold or an atom of silver. 

Isotopes 


Isotopes are varieties of the same element which have the same chemical 
properties but have a different nuclear structure and therefore 
different physical properties. For example, we have three isotopes of 
hydrogen; namely, Hydrogen One, Hydrogen Two and Hydrogen Three. 

A. Stable isotopes are incapable of spontaneous change and thus are 
not radioactive. 

B. Unstable or radioactive isotopes undergo spontaneous changes and 
emit nuclear radiations. 

NUCLEAR RADIATIONS 

Nuclear radiations involve the emission of energy or particles from a 
nucleus of an atom. 

Alpha Particle 


An alpha particle is a positively charged particle emitted from a 
nucleus and is similar to a helium nucleus. It has a relatively large 
mass with low penetrating power and a short range. Alpha particles will 
usually not penetrate the skin but danger occurs when alpha emitters are 
introduced into the lungs or intestines. 


91 


297-431 0 - 79-7 






Beta Particle 


A beta particle is a high speed negatively charged electron emitted from 
a nucleus. It has little mass, low penetrating power and a short range. 
The more energetic particles will penetrate the skin. Danger is due to 
skin burns and interal damage if the emitter enters the body and lodges 
in a body organ. 

Gamma Ray 

A gamma ray is a unit of radiation energy similar to X-rays. Gamma rays 
can do body damage even when located outside of the body due to their 
penetrating power. 

Neutron 


A neutron is a component of the nucleaus of an atom which has no 
electrical charge. 

RADIATION EFFECTS 

Nuclear radiations avoid detection by all our senses. Excessive dosages 
are normally hazardous. Police activity in or around radiation areas 
requires special vigilance. Radiation hazards are usually considered as 
either external or internal hazards. 

External Hazards 


Bodily damage can result from overexposure to gamma rays even though the 
radioactive material is outside the body. Gamma rays are external 
hazards . 

Internal Hazards 


Bodily damage can result if radioactive material emitting alpha and beta 
particles contaminates our food or the air we breath and in this manner 
is taken into our bodies in excessive amounts. Alpha and beta particles 
are considered internal hazards . 

DETECTION EQUIPMENT 

Survey Meters 


Survey meters are portable instruments designed to enable one to 
evaluate a particlular radiation hazard. They may be designed to detect 
and measure alpha, beta and gamma radiation and are used for the 
evaluation of contaminated foods and water. Survey meters read either 
in roentgens/hour or milliroentgens/hour (1,000 milliroentgens = 1 
roentgen). 


92 












Dosimeters 


Dosimeters are pocket-size (or smaller) instruments used to measure the 
total gamma ray dosage accumulated by the person wearing the dosimeter. 
Seme dosimeters can be read at any time by the wearer (self-reading 
dosimeters). Other dosimeters such as film badges are not self-reading. 
These latter type dosimeters are processed in a laboratory. Dosimeter 
readings are normally in roentgens or milliroentgens. 

SIGNIFICANCE OF DETECTION EQUIPMENT READINGS 

Roentgen 


Roentgen is a standard unit of neasure of the energy of X-ray or gamma 
radiation which is absorbed. Often the term milliroentgen, one 
thousandth part of one roentgen, is used. The following table is a 
listing of radiation doses and their effects. 

Acute Dose (roentgens) Probable Effect of Total Body Dose 


0 to 50 

80 to 120 

130 to 170 

180 to 220 

270 to 330 


No obvious effect except possibly minor 
blood changes. 

Vomiting and nausea for about 1 day in 5 to 
10 percent of exposed personnel. Fatigue 
but no serious disability. 

Vomiting and nausea of about 1 day, followed 
by other symptoms of radiation sickness in 
about 25 percent of personnel. No deaths 
anticipated. 

Vomiting and nausea for about 1 day, 
followed by other symptoms of radiation 
sickness in about 50 percent of personnel. 

No deaths anticipated. 

Vomiting and nausea in nearly all personnel 
on first day, followed by other symptoms of 
radiation sickness. About 20 percent deaths 
within 2 to 6 weeks after exposure; 
survivors convalescent about 6 months. 


93 






Acute Dose (roentgens) 


Probable Effect of Total Body Dose 


400 to 500 


550 to 750 


750 to 1000 


1000 to 5000 

RADIATION PROTECTION 


Vomiting and nausea in all personnel on 
first day, followed by other symptoms of 
radiation sickness. About 50 percent deaths 
within 1 month; survivors convalescent for 
about 6 months. 

Vomiting and nausea in all personnel within 
4 hours from exposure, followed by other 
symptoms of radiation sickness. Up to 100 
percent deaths; survivors convalescent for 
about 6 months. 

Vomiting and nausea in all personnel within 
1 to 2 hours. Probably no survivors from 
radiation sickness. 

Incapacitation almost immediately. All 
personnel will be fatalities within 1 week. 


The following factors should be considered when evaluating available 
protection. 

A. If all containers of radioactive material are sealed or closed and 
are intact it is unlikely that radioactive hazards are associated with 
the incident. Efforts should be made to protect the integrity of the 
containers during essential rescue, salvage and clean-up operations. 

B. If radioactive isotopes become loose from the container or are 
liberated by a handling accident the following factors should be 
understood. 


(1) Distance . The distance between individuals and the radiation 
source appreciably decreases radiation intensity. In most 
cases, for example, the distance of 2 feet from the source 
will decrease the radiation to one-quarter its value at 1 
foot; a distance of 10 feet from the source will decrease the 
radiation to one-hundredth its value at 1 foot. 

(2) Time . The time one spends in the radiation field should be 
kept to an absolute minimum. A 2-hour exposure in a radiation 
field will be twice as great as a 1-hour exposure. 


94 







(3) Shielding . Dense materials such as steel, concrete and dirt 
between the individual and the source can cut down the 
intensity of gamma radiation. Generally, the radiation may be 
cut in half by 1 1/2 inches of steel, 4 1/2 inches of 
concrete, 4 1/2 inches of earth, or 10 inches of water. 


(4) Containment . Restriction of the radioactive material to a 

limited area will help to establish boundaries for the hazard. 
Efforts should be made to keep the material from scattering. 

If there is a fire associated with an incident, high pressure 
hoses might break open containers and widely scatter 
radiation. Vehicles and individuals repeatedly entering the 
area could track away any material from incidents involving 
spills. Such travel should be limited to that which is 
absolutely necessary. 

C. External and/or internal hazards can be present whenever 
radioactive materials are found. If it is not known what the hazards 
are, assume both to be present. To protect against internal hazards 
personnel should wear breathing masks or some type of filter system over 
the nose or mouth. If possible, all personnel should be kept upwind 
from the scene of the incident and all smoking and eating should be 
prohibited in the restricted area. Personnel entering the area where 
there is radioactive dust should be wearing disposable or washable outer 
clothing. 

EMERGENCY PROCEDURES FOR ACCIDENT 

A. Keep all but rescue personnel away from the immediate accident 
scene. 

B. Immediately report the accident to the nearest Department of Energy 
facility or military base, whichever is appropriate. 

C. Keep sightseers away - 500 yards or mare, if possible. 

D. Stay out of smoke or vapors if a fire is associated with accident. 

E. Hold people who may have been exposed to the contamination in an 
area for appropriate examination by emergency personnel. 

F. Do not fight fires involving explosives except under the direction 
of an expert. 


95 




G. Do not permit the taking of souvenirs. 

H. Keep unauthorized personnel from entering the scene. 


96 



PART V 


COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE 
PURPOSE OF COLLECTION AND EXAMINATION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE: 

A. Aid in solution of case: 

(1) Develop M.O.'s or show similar M.O.'s. 

(2) Develop or identify suspects. 

(3) Prove or disprove an alibi. 

(4) Connect or eliminate suspects. 

(5) Identify loot, contraband, illegal whiskey. 

(6) Provide leads. 

B. Prove an element of the offense: 

(1) Safe insulation, glass or building materials on suspect's 
clothing may prove entry. 

(2) Stomach contents, bullets, residue at scene of fire, semen, 
blood, toolmarks may all prove elements of certain offenses. 

(3) Safe insulation on tools may be sufficient to prove violation 
of possession of burglary tools statutes. 

C. lb prove theory of a case: 

(1) Soil, footprints may show how many were at scene. 

(2) Auto paint on clothing may show that person was hit by car 
instead of otherwise injured. 


97 


COLLECTION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE (five things to keep in mind): 

A. Obtain it legally: 

(1) Warrant. 

(2) Consent. 

(3) Incidental to arrest. 

B. Describe it in notes: 

(1) Location, circumstances, how obtained. 

(2) Date, chain of custody. 

(3) How identified. 

C. Identify it properly: 

(1) Use initials, date, case number. 

(2) Preferably on evidence itself. Liquids, soils, tiny fragments 
must be placed in suitable container, sealed and marked on 
outside. 

D. Package it properly. Che case to one box: 

(1) Use suitable containers such as round pillboxes, plastic 
vials, glass or plastic containers, strong cardboard cartons. 

(2) Seal securely against leakage. 

(3) Package each item separately - avoid even appearance of 
leakage or contamination. 

(4) If wet or bearing blood, air-dry before packaging (except 
arson cases where hydrocarbons are present). 

E. Maintain chain of custody - keep it short: 

(1) Same person or persons should find, seal, initial and send 
evidence, if possible. 

(2) Maintain in locked vault, cabinet or room until shipped. 

(3) Send by air express, registered mail, registered air mail or 
personal delivery to Laboratory or Identification Division 
(there is no way to trace parcel post, certified mail or 
regular mail). 


98 


REQUESTING LABORATORY ASSISTANCE 


The information under this caption as well as that contained elsewhere 
in this section under the particular type of examination or assistance 
desired should be consulted to facilitate the submission of requests to 
the Laboratory Division. 

REQUESTS FOR EXAMINATION(S) OF EVIDENCE 

All requests should be made in a written communication, in triplicate, 
addressed to the Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation, with an 
attention line in accordance with instruction below and contain the 
following information: 

A. Reference to any previous correspondence submitted to the 
Laboratory in the case. 

B. The nature of and the basic facts concerning the violation insofar 
as they pertain to the Laboratory examination. 

C. Ihe name(s) and sufficient descriptive data of any subject(s), 
suspect(s), or victim(s). 

D. The list of the evidence being submitted either "herewith" or 
"under separate cover." (Note: Due to evidential "chain of custody" 
requirements, all evidence sent through the U. S. Postal Service (USPS) 
system must be sent by registered mail and not by parcel post or regular 
mail. If United Parcel Service, Federal Express, or air freight is 
used, utilize their "acknowledgement of delivery," "protective 
signature," "security signature," or any other such service which 
provides the same protection as USPS registered mail.) 

(1) "Herewith": This method is limited to certain small items of 
evidence which are not endangered by transmission in an 
envelope marked clearly as containing evidence sealed, and 
attached securely to the written communication which should 
state "Submitted herewith are the following items of 
evidence ... 

(2) "Under separate cover.": This method is generally used for 
shipment of numerous and/or bulky items of evidence. The 
written communication should state "Submitted under separate 
cover by (list the method of shipment be it USPS Registered, 
United Parcel Service, Federal Express, or air freight) are 
the following items of evidence." For further information 
concerning the preparation of packages sent under separate 
cover see Packaging Chart elsewhere in this section. 


99 


E. A request stating what types of examinations are desired to 
include, if applicable, comparisons with other cases. 

(1) Evidence will not be forwarded by the Laboratory Division to 
the Latent Fingeprint Section, Identification Division, for 
latent fingerprint examinations unless specifically requested 
to do so in the written communication. 

F. Information as to where the original evidence is to be returned as 
well as where the original Laboratory report is to be sent. 

G. A statement, if applicable, as to whether 

(1) The evidence has been examined previously by another expert in 
the same technical field. 

(2) Any local controversy is involved in the case. 

H. Notification of the need and reason(s) for an expeditious 
examination; bearing in mind this treatment should not be routinely 
requested. 

ATTENTION LINES FOR COMMUNICATIONS AND PACKAGES 

The following guidelines should be adhered to as closely as possible to 
avoid any unnecessary delay in the routing of mail at FBI Headquarters. 

A. Requests for Laboratory examination only , should be marked 
"Attention: FBI Laboratory." 

B. Requests for a fingerprint examination only , should be marked 
"Attention: Identification Division, Latent Fingerprint Section." 

C. Requests for both a fingerprint examination and Laboratory 
examination of any type should be marked "Attention: FBI Laboratory." 


100 





SHIPMENT OF EVIDENCE 


The following steps should be followed to properly prepare a package for 
shipment of numerous and/or bulky items of evidence. (Note: Comply 
with the following steps A. through I. if a cardboard box is used and 
step J. if a wooden box is used): 

A. Take every precaution to preserve the items of evidence as outlined 
in the applicable sections of the Evidence Chart as well as afford 
appropriate physical protection of the latent fingerprints thereon to 
include identification with the word "LATENT." 

B. Choose a cardboard box suitable in size. 

C. Wrap each item of evidence separately to avoid contamination. 

D. Do not place evidence from more than one investigative case in the 
same box. 

E. Pack the evidence securly within the box to avoid damage in 
transit. 

F. Seal the box with gummed tape and clearly mark the outer portions 
of the box with the word(s) "EVIDENCE." (Note: If any of the evidence 
in the box is to be subjected to a latent fingerprint examination, also 
clearly mark the outer portions of the box with the word "LATENT.") 

G. Place a copy of the original written request for the examination(s) 
in an envelope marked "INVOICE" and securely affix this envelope to the 
outside of the sealed box. 

H. Enclose the sealed box in wrapping paper, seal the wrapping paper 
with gummed tape, and address the package to the Director, Federal 
Bureau of Investigation, Washington, D. C. 20535, with the proper 
attention line as outlined above. 

I. Ship the package via U. S. Postal Service, Registered Mail, United 
Parcel Service, Federal Express, or air freight. 

J. Choose a durable wooden box suitable in size and 

(1) Comply with the above steps A., C., D., and E. 

(2) Securely fasten the lid on the box and address it to the 
Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington, D. C. 
20535, with the proper attention line. 


101 


(3) Place a copy of the original written request for the 
examination(s) in an envelope marked "INVOICE," place the 
invoice envelope in a clear plastic cover, and tack it to the 
box. 

(4) Comply with step I. above. 


102 


1-336 (Rev. 4-28-78) 



FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION 

Washington, D. C. 20537 

REPORT 

of the 

LATENT FINGERPRINT SECTION 
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION 


YOUR FILE NO. 12-741 

FBI FILE NO. 95-67994 

LATENT CASE NO. 3821 


March 22, 19— 
REGISTERED 


TO: 


RE: 


Mr. James T. Wixling 

Chief of Police 

Right City, State (Zip Code) 


GUY PIDGIN; 

EMPALL MERCHANDISE MART 
RIGHT CITY, STATE 
MARCH 16, 19- 
BURGLARY 


REFERENCE: Lett 
EXAMINATION REQUES' 
SPECIMENS: 




►lifts 

Guy Pidgin, FBI #213762J9 


latent fingerprints of value were developed 
on th^ja^ce of metal, Q5. Seven latent fingerprints of 
value appear on three lifts marked "safe door" and five 
latent fingerprints of value appear on two lifts marked 
"side window." No latent prints of value appear on the 
remainina lifts. 


The four latent fingerprints developed on the 
piece of metal, designated Q5, have been identified as 
finger impressions of Guy Pidgin, FBI #213762J9. 

The remaining twelve latent fingerprints are not 
identical with the fingerprints of Pidgin. 

Photographs of the unidentified latent fingerprints 
have been prepared for our files and will be available for 
any additional comparisons you may desire. 

(Continued on next page) 

THIS REPORT IS FURNISHED FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 

103 


fbi/doj 



Mr. James T. Wixling 


March 22, 19— 


Should you desire the assistance of one of the 
FBI’s fingerprint experts in the trial of this case, we should 
be notified in ample time to permit the necessary arrangements. 
This report should be used, however, if legal considerations 
permit, in lieu of the appearance of our expert in any pre¬ 
trial action such as a preliminary hearing 
presentation. Our representative^^tfmot 
testify if any other fingerprint fctpaurt i 
on the same point, namely, that thK i\?re 
are identical. 


The lifts and the fine 
be retained for possible fi 
are enclosed. 

The results 
as the dispositiq 
of a separate r< 




jury 
available to 
sent testimony 
question 


hich should 
n in this case. 


xaminations, as well 
al, Q5, are the subjects 


Page 2 
LC #A-73821 


104 


7-la (Rev. 4-26-78) 


REPORT 
of the 


LABORATORY 


FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION 
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20535 


To: 


Mr. James T. Wixling 

Chief of Police 

Right City, State (Zip Code) 


GUY PIDGIN - SUSPECT; 
EMPALL MERCHANDISE MART; 
BURGLARY 



March 22, 19— 

95-67994 

90319021 S RF PD ST 


lalyses - TOOlmarks 


sh9e t%TWiging to GUY PIDGIN (Your item 1) 

^pe belonging to GUY PIDGIN (Your item 1) 

gray flannel trousers belonging to GUY PIDGIN 
(Your item 2) 

28" crowbar belonging to GUY PIDGIN (Your item 3) 

Piece of bent metal from door of safe (Your item 5) 

Insulation from safe door at EMPALL MERCHANDISE MART 
(Your item 4) 


Page 1 


(over) 


This examination has been made with the understanding that the evidence is connected with an official 
investigation of a criminal matter and that the Laboratory report will be used for official purposes only, related 
to the investigation or a subsequent criminal prosecution. Authorization cannot be granted for the use of the 
Laboratory report in connection with a civil proceeding. 


105 


FBI/ DOJ 



K2 


Paint from front and side of safe at EMPALL 
MERCHANDISE MART (Your item 6) 


ALSO SUBMITTED: 


One fingerprint card and ten transparent lifts (Your 
items 7 and 8) 


Result of examination: 

The insulation frcm the safe at 
Kl, is a vermiculite type used by several, 

Particles of vermiculite safe ir 
found in and on the shoes, Q1 and Q2, on 
debris removed from the gray trousers 
insulation on or in Ql, Q2, Q4 and 
represented by Kl or frcm another 
insulation as Kl. 


DISE MART, 
'acturers. 


of paint: 


The paint chi 




sisted of five layers 


K2 or 


contained chips of paint consisting of five 
it s^hailar in colors, layer structure, texture and 
the K2 paint and could have cane frcm the same source as 
’surface painted in a similar manner with similar paint. 


The Q4 crowbar has smears of green paint on it similar to the 
top two layers of paint of K2 and the smears could have come frcm the 
same source as K2. 


The Q5 piece of metal had no toolmarks of value for 
comparison with the Q4 crowbar. 

The evidence in this case is being returned to you under 
separate cover by registered mail. The "ALSO SUBMITTED" items will be 
the subject of a separate report. 


Page 2 

90319021 S RF 


106 



Evidence Chart 


The following chart is provided to give assistance in the collection, 
identification, preservation, packaging, and sending of evidence to the 
Laboratory. This chart should be used in conjunction with similar 
evidence information contained elsewhere in this section under each type 
of examination desired. This evidence information and chart are not 
intended to be all inclusive. 

Hazardous Materials 


Over 3,000 items, including flash paper, live ammunition, explosives, 
radioactive materials, flammable liquids and solids, flammable and 
nonflammable gases, spontaneously combustible substances, and oxidizing 
and corrosive materials are currently considered as hazardous materials. 
All require special packaging and the amount of each item vhich can be 
shipped is regulated. Therefore, the applicable action listed at the 
top of the opposite page is to be taken: 

A. Flash paper: Contact the FBI Technical Evaluation Unit for 
shipping instructions each and every time this item is to be submitted 
to the Laboratory. 

B. Live ammunition: For shipping instructions see paragraph regarding 
Live Ammunition. 

C. Other hazardous materials: Contact the FBI Explosives Unit for 
shipping instructions each and every time any hazardous material, except 
flash paper or live ammunition, is to be submitted to the Laboratory. 

Nonhazardous Materials 


If evidence of this type is not found in this chart or elsewhere in this 
section, locate a specimen which is most similar in nature and take the 
appropriate actions or call the Laboratory at 202-FBI-4410 for general 
instructions. 


107 


297-431 0 


79-8 








AMOUNT DESIRED 


SPECIMEN 


Abrasives, including 
carborundum, emery, 
sand, etc. 


Acids 


Adhesive tape 


Alkalies — caustic 
soda, potash, 
ammonia, etc. 


Ammunition (Cartridges) 


STANDARD EVIDENCE SEND BY 


Not less than All 
one ounce 


Registered mail or 
Federal Express 


250 milliters All to 250 ml. Contact 
(ml.) FBI Explosives 

Unit for 
instructions 


Recovered roll All Registered mail 


250 ml. All to 250 ml. Contact FBI 

100 grams All to 100 gm. Explosives Unit 

for instructions 


For instructions 
re: shipping live 
ammunition, see 
page 52 under 
"Live Ammunition" 


108 




IDENTIFICATION 


WRAPPING AND PACKING 


REMARKS 


On outside of container 
Type of material. Date 
obtained. Name or 
initials 


Same as above 


Same as above 


Same as above 


Same as above 


Use containers, such as 
ice-cream box, pillbox, 
or plastic vial. Seal 
to prevent any loss. 


Plastic or all-glass bottle. 
Tape stopper. Pack in 
sawdust, glass, or rock 
wool. Use bakelite or 
paraffin lined bottle for 
hydrofluoric acid. 


Place on waxed paper or 
cellophane. 


Plastic or glass bottle with 
rubber stopper held with 
adhesive tape. 


For instructions re: shipping 
of live ammunition, see 
paragraph regarding Live 
Ammunition 


Avoid use of 
envelopes 


Label acids, 
glass, corrosive 


Dd not cut, wad 
or distort. 


Label alkali, 
glass, corrosive 


Unless specific 
examination of 
cartridge is 
essential, do 
not submit. 


109 




SPECIMEN 

AMOUNT DESIRED 

STANDARD - EVIDENCE SEND BY 

Anonymous letters, 
extortion letters, 
bank robbery notes. 

All Registered mail. 


Blasting caps 

(Contact FBI Explosives Unit for instructions) 

Blood: 

1. Liquid 

Known samples 

IWo tubes each All Registered airmail 

(sterile) 5cc, special delivery 

1 tube - blood 
only. 1 tube - 
EDTA and blood 
or heparin and 
blood. 


2. 9mall quantities: 
a. Liquid 

Questioned 

samples 

All Registered airmail 

special delivery 


no 




IDENTIFICATION 


WRAPPING AND PACKING 


REMARKS 


Initial and date each 
unless legal aspects 
or good judgment 
dictates otherwise. 


Place in proper enclosure 
envelope and seal with 
"Evidence" tape or trans¬ 
parent cellophane tape. Flap 
side of envelope should 
show (1) wording "Enclosures(s) 
to FBIHQ from (name of sub¬ 
mitting office)," (2) title of 
case, (3) brief description of 
contents, and (4) file number, 
if known. Staple to original 
letter of transmittal. 


Do not handle with 
bare hands. 

Advise if 
evidence should 
be treated for 
latent finger¬ 
prints. 


Use adhesive tape on 
outside of test tube. 
Name of donor, date 
taken, doctor's name, 
name or initials of 
investigator. 


Same as above 

expeditiously 
furnish sample, 
allow to dry 
thoroughly on the 
nonporous 
surface, and 
scrape off; or 
collect by using 
eyedropper or 
clean spoon, 
transfer to 
nonporous surface 
and let dry; or 
absorb in sterile 
gauze and let 
dry. 


Wrap in cotton, soft paper, 
Place in mailing tube or 
suitably strong mailing 
carton. 


Submit immediate¬ 
ly. Don't hold 
awaiting addi¬ 
tional items for 
comparison. 

Keep under 
refrigeration, 
not freezing, 
until mailing. No 
refrigerants 
and/or dry ice 
should be added 
to sample during 
transit. Fragile 
label. 


Same as above 


If unable to 


111 




SPECIMEN 


b. Dry stains 

Not on fabrics 


c. For toxicological 
use 


3. Stained 
clothing, 
fabric, etc. 


Bullets (not cartridges) 


Cartridges (live ammunition) 


Cartridge cases (shells) 


Charred or burned documents 


AMOUNT DESIRED 
STANDARD EVIDENCE 


20 cc. 

(Blood and 

preservative 

mixture) 


As found 


All found 


All found 


All 


All 


SEND BY 


Registered airmail 
special delivery 


Registered mail. 
Federal Express, 
United Parcel 
Service (UPS) 


Registered mail 


For instructions 
re: shipping live 
ammunition, see 
paragraph 
regarding Live 
Ammunition. 


Registered mail 


Registered mail 


As much as Registered mail 

possible 


112 




IDENTIFICATION 

WRAPPING AND PACKING 

REMARKS 

On outside of pillbox 
or plastic vial. Type 
of specimen, date 
secured, name or initials. 

Seal to prevent leakage. 

Keep dry. Avoid 
use of envelopes. 

Same as liquid samples 

Medical examiner sliould use 
a standard blood collection 
kit. 

Preservative 
desired (identify 
preservation 
used). 

Re frigerate. Can 
freeze. 

Use tag or mark 
directly on clothes. 

Type of specimens, 
date secured, name or 
initials. 

Each article wrapped separately 
and identified on outside 
of package. Place in strong 
box placed to prevent 
shifting of contents. 

If wet when found 
dry by hanging. 
USE NO HEAT TO 
DRY. 

Avoid direct 
sunlight while 
drying. Use no 
preservatives. 

Initials on base, nose 
or mutilated area 

Pack tightly in cotton or soft 
paper in pill, match or pow¬ 
der box. Label outside of 
box as to contents. 

Unnecessary 

handling 

obliterates 

marks 

Initials on outside of 
case near bullet end 

Same as above 


Initials preferably on 
inside near open end and 
or on outside near 
open end. 

Same as above 


On outside of container 
indicate fragile nature 
of evidence, date 
obtained, name or 
initials. 

Pack in rigid container 
between layers of cotton 

Added moisture, 
with atomizer or 
otherwise, not 
recommended. 


113 



AMOUNT DESIRED 


SPECIMEN 


Checks (fraudulent) 


Check protector, rubber 
stamp and/or date 
stamp known standards 
(Note: Send actual 
device when possible) 


Clothing 


Codes, ciphers 
and foreign 
language material 


Drugs: 

1. Liquids 


2. Powders, pills, 
and solids 


STANDARD EVIDENCE 


All 


Obtain several copies in full 
word-for-word order of each 
questioned check-writer 
impression. If unable to for¬ 
ward rubber stamps, prepare 
numerous samples with different 
degrees of pressure. 

All 


All 


All 


All to 30 gms. 


SEND BY 


Registered mail 


Registered mail 


Registered mail, 
Federal Express 
or United Parcel 
Service (UPS) 


Registered mail 


Registered mail, 
UPS or air 
express 


Registered mail, 
UPS or air 
express 


114 




IDENTIFICATION 


WRAPPING AND PACKING 


REMARKS 


See anonymous letters 


Place name or initials, 
date, name of make and 
model, etc., on sample 
impressions. 


Mark directly on gar¬ 
ment or use string tag. 
Type of evidence, name 
or initials, date. 


Same as anonymous 
letters 


Affix label to bottle 
in vAiich found 
including name or 
initials and date. 


On outside of pillbox, 
name or initials and 
date. 


See anonymous letter 


See anonymous letters and/or 
Packaging Chart above 


Advise what parts 
questioned or 
known. Furnish 
physical 
description of 
subject. 

Dd not disturb 
inking mechanisms 
on printing 
devices. 


Each article individually 
wrapped with identification 
written on outside of package. 
Place in strong container. 


Leave clothing 
whole. Do not 
cut out stains. 
If wet, hang in 
roan to dry be¬ 
fore packing. 


Same as anonymous letters 


Furnish pertinent 
background and 
technical infor¬ 
mation. 


If bottle has no stopper, 
transfer to glass-stoppered 
bottle and seal with 
adhesive tape. 


Mark "Fragile." 
Determine alleged 
normal use of 
drug and if 
prescription, 
check with drug¬ 
gist for supposed 
ingredients. 


Seal to prevent any loss by 
use of tape 


115 



AMOUNT DESIRED 


SPECIMEN 

Dynamite and 
Explosives 

Fibers 


Firearms 


Flash paper 


Fuse (safety) 

Gasoline 

Gems 


STANDARD EVIDENCE SEND BY 


other (Contact FBI Explosives Unit for instructions) 


Entire garment All Registered mail 

or other cloth 
item 


All Registered mail, 

UPS or Federal 
Express 


One sheet All to 5 sheets Contact FBI 

Technical 
Evaluation Unit 
for instructions 


(Contact FBI Explosives Unit for complete instructions) 


500 ml. 


All to 500 ml. Contact FBI 
Explosives 
Unit for 
instructions 

All Registered mail 

insured 


116 




IDENTIFICATION 


WRAPPING AND PACKING 


REMARKS 


On outside of sealed 
container or on object 
to which fibers are 
adhering. 


Mark inconspicuously as 
if it were your own. 
String tag gun, noting 
complete description 
on tag. Investigative 
notes should reflect 
how and where gun marked. 


Initials and date 


Ch outside of all-metal 
container, label with 
type of material, name 
or initials, and date. 

On outside of container 


Polder paper or pillbox. Do not place loose 

Seal edges and openings with in envelope, 

tape. 


Wrap in paper and identify 
contents of packages. Place 
in cardboard box or wooden 
box. 


Unload all weapons 
before shipping. 
Keep from 
rusting. See 
ammunition, if 
applicable. 


Individual polyethylene 
envelopes double wrapped in 
manila envelopes. Inner 
wrapper sealed with paper 
tape. 


Fireproof, place 
in vented 
location away 
fran any other 
combustible 
materials, and if 
feasible, place 
in water tight 
container 
iirmersed in 
water. 

Mark inner wrapper 
"Flash Paper 
Flammable." 


Metal container packed in Fireproof 

wooden box. container 


Use jeweler's box or place in 
in cotton in pillbox. 


117 



AMOUNT DESIRED 


SPECIMEN 


STANDARD EVIDENCE 


General unknown 

1. Solids 500 gms. All to 500 gms. 

(nonhazardous) 


2. Liquids 500 ml. All to 500 ml. 

(nonhazardous) 


Glass fragments 


All 


Glass particles All of bottle All 

or headlight. 

Snail piece of 
each broken pane. 


Glass wool insulation 1" mass frcm All 

each suspect 
area. 


Gunshot residues 

1. Cotton applicator swabs All 

with plastic shafts ( Do 
not use wood shafts) 


2. Oi cloth All 


SEND BY 


Registered mail 


Registered mail 


Registered mail, 
UPS or air 
express 


Registered mail 


Registered mail 


Registered mail 


Registered mail 


118 





IDENTIFICATION 


WRAPPING AND PACKING 


REMARKS 


Name or initials, date Same as drugs 

on outside of sealed 
container 


Same as for liquid Same as drugs 

drugs 


Adhesive tape on each 
piece. Name or 
initials and date on 
tape. Separate 
questioned and known. 


Wrap each piece separately 
in cotton. Pack in strong 
box to prevent shifting and 
breakage. Identify contents. 


Name or initials, date 
on outside of sealed 
container 


Place in pillbox, plastic or 
glass vial; seal and protect 
against breakage. 


Same as above 


Sealed container 


On outside of container, Place swabs in plastic con- 
Date and name or tainers 

initials. Label as 
to name of person and 
which hand. 


Attach string tag or 
mark directly. Type 
of material, date, 
and name or initials. 


Place fabric flat between 
layers of paper and then 
wrap so that no residue 
will be transferred or lost. 


If item is 
suspected of 
being a hazardous 
material, treat 
as such and 
contact 

FBI Explosives 
Unit for shipping 
instructions. 


Same as above 


Avoid chipping and 
mark "Fragile." 


Do not use 
envelopes. 


Do not use glass 
containers 


Avoid shaking. 


119 



SPECIMEN 


Hair 


Insulation (See glass 


Handwriting and hand 
printing, known 
standards 


Matches 


Medicines 


Metal 


AMOUNT DESIRED 
STANDARD EVIDENCE 


Dozen or more All 
full length 
hairs fran 
different parts 
of head and/or 
body. 


wool insulation) 


For instructions 
re: obtaining known 
standards see chapter 
on Documents in Part IV 


One to two All 

books of 
paper. One 
full box of 
wood. 


(See Drugs) 


One pound All to one 

pound 


SEND BY 


Registered mail 


Registered mail 


UPS or Federal 
Express 


Registered mail, 
UPS or air 
express 


120 




IDENTIFICATION 


WRAPPING AND PACKING 


REMARKS 


On outside of con¬ 
tainer. Type of 
material, date, and 
name or initials. 


Name or initials, date, 
from whom obtained, 
and voluntary statement 
should be included in 
appropriate place. 


Ch outside of container. 
Type of material, date, 
and name or initials. 


Same as above 


Folded paper or pillbox. Seal 
edges and openings with tape. 


Same as anonymous letters. 


Metal container and packed in 
larger package to prevent 
shifting. Matches in box 
or metal container packed to 
prevent friction between 
matches. 


Use paper boxes or containers. 
Seal and use strong paper or 
wooden box. 


Do not place loose 
in envelope. 


Keep away from 
fire, "Keep 
away from fire" 
label 


Melt number, heat 
treatment, and 
other 

specifications of 
foundry if 
available. Keep 
from rusting. 


121 




SPECIMEN 


Oil 


Obliterated, eradicated, 
or indented writing 


Organs of the body 


Paint: 

1. Liquid 


2. Solid 

(paint chips or 
scrapings) 


AMDUNT DESIRED 
STANDARD EVIDENCE 


250 ml. All to 250 ml. 

together with 
specifications 


All 


200 gins, of 
each organ 


Original un- All to 1/4 pint 
opened con¬ 
tainer up to 1 
gallon if 
possible 

At least 1/2 
sq. inch of 
solid, with 
all layers 
represented. 


All. If on 
small object 
send object 


SEND BY 


UPS 


Registered mail 


UPS, air express, 
or registered 
airmail special 
delivery 


Registered mail, 
UPS or air 
express 


Registered mail, 
UPS or air 
express 


122 




IDENTIFICATION 


WRAPPING AND PACKING 


REMARKS 


Same as above 


Same as anonymous letters 


Cn outside of con¬ 
tainer. Victim's name 
name, date of death, 
date of autopsy, name 
of doctor, name or 
initials. 


Cn outside of con¬ 
tainer. Type of 
material, origin if 
known, date, name or 
initials. 

Same as above 


Metal container with tight 
screw top. Pack in strong 
box using excelsior or 
similar material. 


Same as anonymous letters. 


Plastic or glass containers. 
Metal lids must have liners. 


Friction-top paint can or 
large-mouth i screw-top jars. 
If glass, pack to prevent 
breakage. Use heavy corru¬ 
gated paper or wooden box. 

If small amount, round pill¬ 
box or small glass vial with 
screw top. Seal to prevent 
leakage. Envelopes not 
satisfactory. Do not pack 
in cotton. 


123 


DO NOT USE DIRT 
OR SAND FOR 
PACKING MATERIAL. 
Keep away from 
fire. 


Advise whether 
bleaching or 
staining methods 
may be used. 
Avoid folding. 


"Fragile" label. 
Keep cool. Send 
autopsy report. 
Add no preserv¬ 
atives to the 
organs. Use dry 
ice in the 
package. 


Avoid contact with 
adhesive 

materials. Wrap 
so as to pro¬ 
tect smear. 


297-431 0 


79-9 




SPECIMEN 


Plastic casts of tire 
treads and shoe prints 


Powder patterns (See gun 


Rope, twine, and 
cordage. 


Saliva samples 


Safe insulation 


Shoe print 
lifts (impressions 
on hard surfaces) 


AMOUNT DESIRED 
STANDARD EVIDENCE 


Send in shoes 
and tires of 
suspects. 
Photographs 
and sample 
impressions are 
usually not 
suitable for 
comparison. 


All shoe prints 
entire circum¬ 
ference of 
tires 


powder residues) 


One yard or All 

amount 
available 


1 1/2" diameter All 
stain in center 
of filter paper 


Sample all All 

damaged areas 


Photograph All 

before making 
of dust 
impression. 


SEND BY 


Registered mail, 
UPS or air 
express 


Registered mail 


Registered mail 


Registered mail, 
UPS or air 
express 


Registered mail, 


124 




IDENTIFICATION 


WRAPPING AND PACKING 


REMARKS 


Oi back before plaster 
hardens. Location 
date, and name or 
initials. 

Wrap in paper and cover 
with suitable packing 
material to prevent break¬ 
age. Do not wrap bags. 

Use "Fragile" 
label. Mix 
approximately 
four pounds of 
plaster to quart 
water. Allow 
casts to cure 
(dry) before 
wrapping 

On tag or container. 

Type of material, 
date, name or initials. 

Wrap securely. 


On outside envelope and 
on filter paper put 
type of sample, name of 
donor, date of collection 
and collector's initials 
or name. 

Seal in envelope 

Stain should be 
circled in pencil 
for identifica¬ 
tion. Filter 
paper available 
frcm hospitals 
and drug stores. 
Allow to dry. 

Ch outside of container. 
Type of material, date, 
name or initials. 

Use containers, such as 
pillbox, or plastic vial. 

Seal to prevent any loss. 

Avoid use of 
glass containers 
and envelopes. 

On lifting tape or 
paper attached to 
tape. Name or 
initials and date. 

Prints in dust are easily 
damaged. Fasten print or 
lift to bottom of a box so 
that nothing will rub against 
it. 

Always secure 
crime scene area 
until shoe prints 
or tire treads 
are located and 
preserved. 


125 



AMOUNT DESIRED 


SPECIMEN 


Soils and minerals 


Tools 


Toolmarks 


Typewriting, known 
standards 


Urine 


Vaginal samples 
1. Slides (microscope) 


STANDARD EVIDENCE 


Samples from All 

areas near 
pertinent 
spot. 


All 


Send in the All 

tool. If 
impractical, 

make several impressions 
on similar materials as 
evidence using entire 
marking area of tool. 


For instructions re: 
obtaining know standards 
see chapter on Documents 
in Part IV 


Preferably all All 
urine voided 
over a period 
of 24 hours. 


Minimum of two 
slides 


SEND BY 


Registered mail 


Registered mail, 
UPS or air 
express 


Registered mail, 
UPS or air 
express 


Registered mail 


Registered mail 


Registered mail 


126 




IDENTIFICATION 


WRAPPING AND PACKING 


REMARKS 


On outside of container Pillbox or plastic vial. 

Type of material, date, 
name or initials 


Avoid glass con¬ 
tainers and 
envelopes. 


On tools use string 
tag. Type of tool, 
identifying number, 
date, name or initials 


Wrap each tool in paper. Use 
strong cardboard or wooden 
box with tools packed to pre¬ 
vent shifting. 


On object or on tag 
attached to or on oppo¬ 
site end from where 
toolmarks appear. 

Name or initials and 
date. 


After marks have been protected 
with soft paper, wrap in strong 
wrapping paper, place in strong 
box, and pack to prevent shifting 


Place name or initials. Same as anonymous letters 

date, serial number, 
name of make and model 
etc., on specimens. 


Examine ribbon 
for evidence of 
questioned 
message thereon. 


On outside of con¬ 
tainer. Type of 
material, name of 
subject, date taken, 
name or initials. 


Bottle surrounded with 
absorbent material to pre¬ 
vent breakage. Strong 
cardboard or wooden box. 


Use any clean 
bottle with 
leakproof 
stopper. 


Same as above for 
saliva samples 


Use commercial slide box Slide box avail¬ 

able at 
hospitals. 

Doctor should not 
fix slides. No 
cover slips. Air 
dry. 


127 



SPECIMEN 


2. Swabs 


Water 


Wire 

(See also 
marks.) 


AMOUNT DESIRED 

STANDARD EVIDENCE SEND BY 


Two unstained Minimum of two Registered mail 

swabs from swabs 

same package 
as stained. 


2 liters 


2 liters Registered mail 


tool- 


Itiree feet All (Do not Registered mail 

(Do not kink.) kink.) 


Wood 


One foot or 
amount 
available. 


All 


Registered mail 




IDENTIFICATION 


WRAPPING AND PACKING 


REMARKS 


Same as above 


Seal in envelope. 


Allow swabs to dry 
before 
packaging. 


Same as for urine 


Same as for urine 


Same as for urine 


On label or tab. Type Wrap securely. Do not kink wire, 

of material, date, 
name or initials. 


Same as above 


Wrap securely 


129 





1. Pack bulk evidence securely in box. 

2. Seal box and mark as evidence. 

Mark “Latent” if necessary. 

3. Place copy of transmittal letter in envelope 
and mark “Invoice." 

4. Stick envelope to outside of sealed box. 

5. Wrap sealed box in outside wrapper and 
seal with gummed paper. 

6. Address to Director 

Federal Bureau of Investigation 
10th & Pennsylvania, N W 
Washington, D C 20535 and mark 

“Attention FBI Laboratory.” 

7. If packing box is wooden-tack invoice 
envelope to top under a clear plastic cover. 


FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION 
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 


Proper Seeding of Evidence 


The method shown below permits access to the invoice letter without breaking the tnner seal 
This allows the person entitled to receive the evidence to receive it in a sealed condition iust 
as it was packed by the sender 


130 


U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1979 0 


297-431 








































































































































































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